The Iberians in Cerdanya: archaeology and epigraphy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v23i0.532Keywords:
Iberians, Ceretans, Iberian inscriptions, Iberian language, rock inscriptionsAbstract
The language of the more than 180 rock inscriptions in Iberian script in Cerdanya is Iberian, confirming the Ibericity of the Ceretans, which had once been questioned according to their archaeological culture. In Cerdanya, two large epigraphic schools can be identified, the dual and the non-dual, the dual being slightly the majority, which would correspond to the oldest, probably from the s. 3rd c. BC or earlier, while the non-dual should be the most modern. This epigraphic chronology would fit with the two phases of the Iberian settlement in Cerdanya that derives from the latest archaeological excavations, the Ceretan phase, from the beginning of the s. 4th c. BC until the middle of the s. 2nd c. BC and the Ceretano-Republican phase from this chronology to the third quarter of the s. 1st c. BC.
References
Asensio et al. 2022: D. Asensio, R. Cardona, J. Morera, B. Gil, F. J. Cantero, L. Bonvehí, M. Pinto, M. Rosselló y J. Pou, “L’impacte de la implantació romana entre les comunitats lacetanes i traces de presència itàlica a la zona durant el segle II aC (Sant Miquel de Sorba i Castellvell d’Olius)”, Treballs d’Arqueologia 25, 205-238.
Campmajó 1980: P. Campmajó, Le site protohistorique de Llo, Perpinyà 1980.
Campmajó 2012: P. Campmajó, Ces pierres qui nous parlent: Les gravures rupestres de Cerdagne (Pyrénées orientales) de la fin de l’Âge du fer à l’époque contemporaine, Perpignan 2012.
Campmajó y Padró 1978: P. Campmajó y J. Padró, “Els ceretans”, en: 2n Col•loqui Internacional d’Arqueologia de Puigcerdà, Puigcerdà 1978, 189-210.
Campo y Mercadal 2009: M. Campo y O. Mercadal, “Aproximación a la circulación monetaria en la Cerdanya (siglo III a.C.-mediados siglo I d.C.)”, en: A. Arévalo, Actas del XIII Congreso Nacional de Numismáticak, Madrid-Cádiz 2009, 353-368.
Carol 2022: M. Carol, “La seca ibèrica de KERE (la Cerdanya). Noves aportacions a la numismàtica ibèrica catalana”, Acta Numismatica 52, 2022, 173-180.
Colominas 2017: L. Colominas, “Pràctiques ramaderes a la plana de la Cerdanya entre els segles III ane - III ne: més que pernae”, Treballs d’Arqueologia 21, 2017, 129-147.
Ferrer i Jané 2005: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Novetats sobre el sistema dual de diferenciació gràfica de les oclusives sordes i sonores”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 957-982.
Ferrer i Jané 2010: J. Ferrer i Jané, “La llengua i l’escriptura ibèrica a la Cerdanya”, Ker 4, 2010, 50-59.
Ferrer i Jané 2014: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Ibèric kutu i els abecedaris ibèrics”, Veleia 30, 2014, 227-259.
Ferrer i Jané 2016: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Une inscription rupestre ibère inédite de Ger (Cerdagne) avec la formule neitin iunstir”, Sources – Les cahiers de l’Âne Rouge 4, 2016, 13-28.
Ferrer i Jané 2019: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Construint el panteó ibèric amb l’ajut de les inscripcions ibèriques rupestres”, Ker 13, 2019, 42-57.
Ferrer i Jané 2020: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Urdal: Une nouvelle inscription rupestre ibère à Ger (Cerdagne) avec une possible divinité zoomorphe liée au sanglier”, Sources. Les Cahiers de l'Âne Rouge 7, 2020, 17-28.
Ferrer i Jané 2021: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Teories sobre la llengua ibèrica”, en: L’Enigma iber, Barcelona 2021, 113-119.
Ferrer i Jané e.p: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Una possible damnatio memoriae en una inscripció rupestre ibèrica votiva de La Tor de Querol amb triple dedicació”, Sylloge Epigraphica Barcinonensis, e.p.
Ferrer i Jané et al. 2011: J. Ferrer i Jané, A. Martin y A. G. Sinner, “Una tortera amb ins-cripció ibèrica de Can Rodon de l’Hort (Cabrera de Mar)”, Sylloge Epi¬graphica Barcinonensis 9, 2011, 17-38.
Ferrer i Jané et al. 2018: Ferrer i Jané, J. Velaza y O. Olesti, “Nuevas inscripciones rupestres latinas de Oceja y los IIIIviri ibéricos de Iulia Lybica”, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 44/1, 2018, 169-195.
Guàrdia 2018: J. Guàrdia, El fòrum romà de Iulia Libica i l’arqueologia urbana de Llivia (Cerdanya), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2018. Tesis doctoral inédita.
López-Sánchez 2005: F. López-Sánchez, “Moneda ibérica y hospitium “, en: XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid 2005, 511-516.
Luault 2020: N. Luault, Entre ville et montagne: hábitat, peuplement et terroirs dans les Pyrenées de l’Antiquité tardive au Moyen Âge (Cerdagne, IIIe-XIIe siecle), Université Jean Jaurés-Toulouse 2020. Tesis doctoral inédita.
Moncunill y Velaza 2019: N. Moncunill y J. Velaza, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum Band V.2 Lexikon der iberischen Inschriften / Léxico de las inscripciones ibéricas, Wiesbaden 2019.
Messana et al. 2023: Ch. Messana, C. Tornero y L. Colominas, “Choose what suits you best: reproductive patterns and livestock management in the Iron Age Iberian peninsula (3rd c. BC)”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15/56, 2023, 1-14.
Morera 2017: J. Morera, Territori i poblament de Cerdanya a l’Antiguitat. La iberització i romanització de la Vall Cerdana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2017. Tesis doctoral inédita.
Morera et al. 2016: J. Morera, O. Olesti y J. Oller, “El control del Pirineo en época ibérica y romana republicana. El caso de la Cerdanya”, en: J. Pera y J. Vidal (eds.), Fortificaciones y control del territorio en la Hispania republicana, Zaragoza 2016, 137-166.
Morera et al. 2020: J. Morera, J. Oller y O. Olesti, “La Cerdanya i els ceretans en el marc de la Segona Guerra Púnica”, Treballs d’Arqueologia 24, 2020, 107-126.
Olesti 2010: O. Olesti, “Urbanització, integració i gestió del territori al nord-est de la península Ibèrica en època republicana (segles II-I aC)”, en: J. Burch (ed.), Time of changes. In the begining of the Romanization, Girona 2010, 11-59.
Olesti 2017a: O. Olesti, “Augusto y el control de los territorios Pirenaicos”, Gerión 35, 2017, 163-190.
Olesti 2017b: O. Olesti, “La génesis de la sociedad provincial y el proceso de urbanización en el Noreste de la Península Ibérica (siglos II-I a.C.)”, Gerión 35-2, 2017, 69-102.
Olesti 2021: O. Olesti, “Writing instruments for managing provincial resources during the Roman occupation of northeast Hispania (2nd and 1st c. BCE)”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 34, 2021, 98-129.
Olesti y Andreu 2018: O. Olesti y R. Andreu, “Libicas messis?: Marcial i les mines d’or del Pirineu Oriental (Mart. Epigr. 6, 86)”, Anuari de filologia. Antiqva et Mediaevalia 8, 2018, 300-310.
Olesti et al. 2017: O. Olesti, J. Morera, I. Montero y O. García-Vuelta, “El taller metalúrgico del Castellot de Bolvir (II-I a.c.) y la presencia romana en el Pirineo”, en: Presente y futuro de los Paisajes mineros del Pasado. Estudios sobre minería, metalurgia y poblamiento, Granada 2017, 243-250.
Olesti et al. e.p.: O. Olesti, J. Morera y J. Oller, “La Cerdanya y los Pirineos Orientales durante el periodo ibérico (s. VI-II a.n.e.): logros y límites de la investigación”, Treballs d’Arqueologia 26, e.p..
Oller et al. 2018a: J. Oller, O. Olesti, J. Morera y O. Mercadal, “Los ceretanos y la iberización del Pirineo oriental (s. IV-III a. n. e.). Una nueva aproximación histórica y arqueológica”, Archivo Español de Arqueología 91, 2018, 181-202.
Oller et al. 2018b: J. Oller, O. Olesti, J. Morera y O. Mercadal, “El Tossal de Baltarga (Bellver de Cerdanya, Lleida): un nou exemple dels processos d’iberització i romanització a l’àrea pirinenca”, Revista d’Arqueologia de Ponent 28, 2918, 31-45.
Oller et al. 2021: J. Oller, O. Olesti, J. Morera y G. Platz-Holster, “Three Roman Republican Seal-Rings Discovered in the Eastern Pyrenees and their Significance”, European Journal of Archaeology 24, 2021, 457-476
Rendu 2003: Ch. Rendu, La Montagne d’Enveig : une estive pyrénéenne dans la longue durée, Perpignan 2003.
Ripollès 2022: P.P. Ripollès y M. Gozalbes , Moneda Ibérica(MIB), Valencia, https://monedaiberica.org/v2/mint/270 [visitada 26/02/2023].
Sabaté 2020: V. Sabaté, “La llengua ibèrica a la Ilergècia: una aproximació a l’onomàstica”, en: M. Torres Benet, I. Garcés Estallo y J. R. González Pérez (eds.), Projecte Ilergècia: territori i poblament ibèric a la plana ilergeta, Sant Martí de Maldà 2020, 485-508.
Sanmartí y Santacana 2005: J. Sanmartí y J. Santacana, Els íbers del Nord, Barcelona 2005.
Sanmartí et al. 2019: J. Sanmartí, M. C. Belarte, J. Noguera, D. Asensio, D. Jornet y J. Morer, “A city-state system in the pre-Roman western Mediterranean: the Iberian cities of eastern Catalonia.”, en: M. C. Belarte, J. Noguera, R. Plana, J. Sanmartí, M. C. Belarte, J. Noguera, R. Plana y J. Sanmartí (eds.), Urbanization in Iberia and Mediterranean Gaul in the first millennium BC, Tarragona 2019, 91-108.
Sinner y Ferrer i Jané 2022: A. G. Sinner y J. Ferrer i Jané, “Rock Sanctuaries, Sacred Landscapes, and the Making of the Iberian Pantheon”, Religions 13(8), 2022, 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13080722.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Professional standards and ethical policies
a) Palaeohispanica’s editorial board
Details concerning the journal’s internal organization can be found at this website.
b) Authors’ responsibilities
As an implicit condition for publishing in Palaeohispanica, authors are expected to adhere to all the ethical and professional principles that are shared across all research fields and academic publications. By submitting a contribution for peer review, potential authors guarantee that their work is original, that it constitutes a significant contribution to its research field and has not been published elsewhere.
All submitted manuscripts ought to contain bibliographic references at the end of the paper as well as an indication of how the research that culminated in the article was funded.
Likewise, authors must agree to incorporate any relevant changes that peer reviewers suggest as well as to include any recommendations that the editorial committee includes in the manuscript’s proofs at the end of the editorial process.
The journal expects its authors, reviewers, editors and staff members to all conduct themselves professionally by treating others with respect and civility. Should any sort of untoward situation arise, such as (self) plagiarism, conflicts of interest or aggressive behaviour on the author’s part, the following actions will be taken:
- Plagiarism and the republication of articles
Plagiarism is defined as the reproduction of a text or other materials found in different publications without the original source being adequately cited. Accordingly, material can still be plagiarized even when it has been tweaked or paraphrased. Plagiarism constitutes a serious ethical violation; furthermore, there can be legal ramifications for violating an author’s rights in cases where the reproduced material has been previously published. Authors who want to cite published work must do so by including complete references to the original materials and by including any quotations within quotation marks. Graphs and images can only be reproduced with the express permission of the original author and must include a citation below said image or graphic according to the rules laid out on the journal’s website. If a peer reviewer or the editorial board detects any instance of plagiarism (whether of one’s own or another’s work), the manuscript will automatically be disqualified.
- Conflicts of interest
In most instances an individual who works at the same institution as an author or one of the co-authors is automatically barred from evaluating a potential contribution. The journal’s editors must always be aware of possible conflicts of interest and are required to recuse themselves from any decision-making process, whenever there is even the appearance of a possible conflict of interest.
c) The peer-review process
Palaeohispanica employs peers to evaluate externally all contributions, with this being understood as obtaining the opinion of an established expert over the merits of every potential contribution. In addition to completing the relevant form, reviewers are expected to suggest any pertinent bibliography that was not included in the original version of the manuscript.
Furthermore, the peer-review process is double blind, meaning that both authors’ anonymity as well as the reviewers’ impartiality and independence are guaranteed. Reader reviews will be treated with the utmost confidentiality. As is the case with all respectable research journals, the editors of Palaeohispanicawill not share with a third party the identity of a peer reviewer, the contents of his or her review or any correspondence resulting from the review process. Likewise, reviewers are required to adhere to the same strict standard of confidentiality: neither manuscripts nor the contents of any correspondence between an author and the editors can be shared with a third party without the written and express consent of the journal’s editors.
While strictly speaking authors are not held to the same standards (they can, for instance, solicit advice from co-authors and colleagues as they revise and amend a manuscript in accordance with the recommendations found in a reviewer’s report), the public airing of a reviewer’s report or of the correspondence with the editorial team constitutes untoward behavior. Any author who acts in such a way will automatically forfeit his or her right to the journal’s confidentiality.
- Aggressive behaviour
Should the editorial committee be made aware of any untoward behaviour on the author’s part towards external reviewers, other authors or the journal’s editors/staff, that author’s submission will immediately be withdrawn from the consideration process.
All participants in the publication process, including editors, authors, peer reviewers, and member’s of the journal’s staff are expected to meet basic standards of professional courtesy and to respect the fundamental rules and guidelines concerning the peer-review and publication processes. Under any circumstance, personal attacks and verbal assault (whether expressed orally or through writing) are completely unacceptable. Accordingly, the journal reserves the right to reject the contribution of any author who repeatedly violates these principles or refuses to cooperate with the editors and reviewers during the normal evaluation and publication processes.
d) Editorial ethics
The editorial team at Palaeohispanica will bring an end to any dishonest research practice by submitting every proposal to a careful review process that will begin before the selection of possible peer reviewers. Should anything questionable be detected, an author will be asked to provide relevant explanations and then be told to review his/her text so as to meet the journal’s quality standards. If an author does not make the requested changes, the manuscript will not be submitted for double-blind peer review and, accordingly, will not be published. The editorial board is always available to discuss and debate with authors any misunderstanding that could have given rise to such a situation.
e) Copyright and journal access
Journal content falls under the protection of licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA. Access the all journal content is open and free of charge.
f) Journal archive
Given that the Institución Fernando el Católico is an established and important publishing house, it is extremely unlikely that access to the journal’s contents could be compromised in anyway within the foreseeable future. The contents of Palaeohispanica will be stored in IFC’s servers even if the journal ceases to be published.
g) Ownership and management of the journal
The journal Palaeohispanica is edited and run by the institution «Fernando el Católico», an independent entity of the Excelentísima Diputación de Zaragoza.
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
Privacy policy
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portabilityby contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
The IFC’s privacy and data protection policy can be consulted at https://tiendaifc.dpz.es/Sites/dpz/paginasPersonalizadas/Modelo2/inicio.aspx. It can also be found in the journal’s the top navigation menu: http://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/dpd
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
