Epigraphy and Literacy in the Iberian Peninsula:Echoes of the Past, Challenges of the Present

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.732

Keywords:

Alfabetización, Cooperación internacional, Datos, Epigrafía no lapidaria, Hábito epigráfico, Instrumentos de escritura, Península Ibérica

Abstract

This article pays homage to the international cooperation and interdisciplinarity that have characterised the first 50 years of the Palaeohispanic congresses. It presents some of the highlights and lessons learnt from working on the epigraphy and writing equipment of the Iberian peninsula in the context of a recent project, LatinNow, which explored Latinization, local languages, and literacies. We acknowledge the gap between ‘historical grand narratives’ and the realities on the ground, and the importance of controlling multiple scales of analysis and appreciating the local voices and communities in recovering ‘regionality’. New projects focused on the Peninsula exploiting so-called ‘épigraphie mineure’ and writing equipment, and the implementation of FAIR principles in our datasets, should assist us in recovering the local communities, complex epigraphic practices, shifting linguistic landscapes, and regional varieties of Latin in more detail. We sound a note of optimism for the future of our shared endeavours over the next fifty years.

References

Aiestaran 2023: M. Aiestaran, J. Gorrochategui y J. Velaza, “La inscripción vascónica de Irulegui (Valle de Aranguren, Navarra)”, Palaeohispanica 23, 2023, 267–293.

Albertos Firmat 1966: M. L. Albertos Firmat, La onomástica personal primitiva de Hispania Tarraconense y Bética, Salamanca 1966.

Albertos Firmat 1983: M. L. Albertos Firmat, “Onomastique personelle indigène de la Péninsule ibérique sous la domination romaine”, ANRW II.29.2, 1983, 853–892.

Alonso 2013: J. Alonso, “Cápsulas de sellos en Hispania romana. Aproximación a una primera clasificación formal”, Sautuola 18, 2013, 213–226.

Alonso, Jerez Linde y Sabio González 2014: J. Alonso, J. M. Jerez Linde y R. Sabio González, “Instrumentos de escritura en Hispania”, en: M. Bustamante Álvarez y D. Bernal Casasola (eds.), Artifices idoneos. Artesanos, talleres y manufacturas en Hispania, Mérida 2014,

169–189.

Alonso, Sabio González y Jerez Linde 2019: J. Alonso, R. Sabio González y J. M. Jerez Linde, “Tinteros de bronce romanos de Augusta Emerita”, Archivo Español de Arqueología 92, 2019, 251–269.

Ballester 2005: X. Ballester, “Lengua ibérica: hacia un debate tipológico”, Palaeohispanica 5, 2005, 361–392.

Beltrán Lloris 2001: F. Beltrán Lloris, “Presentación”, Palaeohispanica 1, 2001, 7–9.

Beltrán Lloris 2004: F. Beltrán Lloris, “De nuevo sobre la tésera Froehner”, Palaeohispanica 4, 2004, 45–65.

Beltrán Lloris 2015: F. Beltrán Lloris, “The ‘Epigraphic Habit’ in the Roman World”, en: C. Bruun y J. Edmondson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, Oxford 2015, 131–148.

Beltrán Lloris 2020: F. Beltrán Lloris, “Palaeo-European studies: languages, writings, epigraphic cultures”, en: F. Beltrán Lloris, B. Díaz, M. J. Estarán Tolosa y C. Jordán (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference “Palaeoeuropean Languages and Epigraphic Cultures.

Challenges and Research Approaches”, Palaeohispanica 20, Zaragoza 2020, 13–25.

Beltrán Lloris et al. 2020: F. Beltrán Lloris, B. Díaz Ariño, C. Jordán y I. Simón Cornago, “Tesseram Conferre. Etruscan, Greek, Latin, and Celtiberian Tesserae Hospitales”, Historia 69.4, 2020, 482–518.

Bodel 2001: J. Bodel, “Epigraphy and the ancient historian”, en: J. Bodel (ed.), Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History from Inscriptions, London 2001, 1–56.

Bodel, Prag y Roueché 2024: J. Bodel, J. Prag y C. Roueché “Open Scholarship: Epigraphic Corpora in the Digital Age”, en: P. Fröhlich y M. Navarro Cabellero (eds.), L’Épigraphie au XXIe Siècle. Actes du XVIe Congrès International d’Épigraphie Grecque et Latine, Bordeaux,

29 Août-02 Septembre 2022, Bordeaux 2024, 91–117.

Boissinot y Ruiz Darasse 2023: P. Boissinot y C. Ruiz Darasse, “Ensérune: un bilan et nouvelles perspectives de recherches”, Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua 23, 2023, 191–204.

Bruin 2024: J. D. Bruin, “Writing Equipment and Latin Literacy in the Netherlands: An Archaeological Perspective”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 321–354.

Coltelloni-Trannoy y Moncunill 2022: M. Coltelloni-Trannoy y N. Moncunill (eds.), La culture de l’écrit en Méditerranée occidentale à travers les pratiques épigraphiques (Gaule, Ibérie, Afrique du Nord), Leuven 2022.

Cooper et al. 2021: A. Cooper, V. Donnelly, C. Green y L. ten Harkel, “Characterful data: Its character and capacities”, en: C. Gosden (ed.), English Landscapes and Identities, Oxford 2021, 29–54.

Cunliffe y Koch 2010: B. Cunliffe y J. T. Koch, Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, Oxford 2010.

De Hoz 2004: J. De Hoz, “The Greek man in the Iberian street: non-colonial Greek identity in Spain and southern France”, en: K. Lomas (ed.), Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean, Leiden 2004, 411–427.

De Hoz 2008: J. De Hoz, “A Celtic personal name on an Etruscan inscription from Ensérune, previously considered Iberian (MLH B.1.2B)”, en: J. L. García Alonso (ed.), Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe, Salamanca 2008, 17–27.

Eska 2013: J. F. Eska, “Review of Koch, J. T. and Cunliffe, B. W. (eds.), Celtic from the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe, Oxford/ Oakville, CT 2013”, BMCR 2013.12.35.

Estarán Tolosa 2016: M. J. Estarán Tolosa, Epigrafía bilingüe del Occidente romano: El latín y las lenguas locales en las inscripciones bilingües y mixtas, Zaragoza 2016.

Estarán Tolosa 2017: M. J. Estarán Tolosa, “La pervivencia de las lenguas paleohispánicas en la epigrafía altoimperial”, Linguarum Varietas 6, 2017, 257–268.

Estarán Tolosa 2019: M. J. Estarán Tolosa, “Deibabor igo deibobor Vissaieigobor. Notas para el estudio de la retención lingüística en la epigrafía religiosa de la Lusitania romana”, en: J. Tomás García y V. Del Prete (eds.), Imágenes, lengua y creencias en Lusitania romana,

Oxford 2019, 54–72.

Estarán Tolosa y Herrera Rando 2024: M. J. Estarán Tolosa y J. Herrera Rando, “The Rise of Latin in Hispania Ulterior, Third Century bce – Second Century ce”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 84–114.

Ferrer i Jané, Moncunill Martí y Velaza Frías 2019: J. Ferrer i Jané, N. Moncunill Martí y J. Velaza Frías, “Towards a systematization of Palaeohispanic scripts in Unicode: synthesising multiple transcription hypotheses into two consensus encodings”, Palaeohispanica 15,

2019, 13–55.

Feugère y Willi 2024: M. Feugère y A. Willi, “Literacy in Gaul: The Value of instrumentum”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 248–272.

Harris 1989: W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy, Cambridge (Mass.) 1989.

Houten 2023: P. H. A. Houten, “Cities, Epigraphies and Latinization: a Sociolinguistic View on the Hispaniae”, en: A. Mullen (ed.), Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West, Oxford 2023, 51–77.

Houten 2024: P. H. A. Houten, “The Epigraphic Habit in Post-Conquest Hispania: A Geospatial Analysis of the Epigraphic Data and Self-Governing Communities”, en: A. Mullen y A.

Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 115–150.

De Hoz 2019: J. De Hoz, “Method and methods: Studying Palaeohispanic languages as a discipline”, en: A. J. Sinner y J. Velaza (eds.), Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford 2019, 1–24.

Gorrochategui 2022: J. Gorrochategui, “The Relationship between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and Challenges of the Comparative Method in a Context of Poor Documentation”, en: T. C. Chacon, N. H. Lee y W. D. L. Silva (eds.), Language Change

and Linguistic Diversity, Edinburgh 2022, 105–129.

Koch y Cunliffe 2013: J. T. Koch y B. W. Cunliffe, Celtic from the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe, Oxford/Oakville, CT 2013.

Lejeune 1952: M. Lejeune, “Un texte celtibère inédit”, Zephyrus 3, 1952, 179.

Lejeune 1955: M. Lejeune, Celtibérica, Salamanca 1955.

Lejeune 1985: M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985.

Liuzzo 2015: P. M. Liuzzo, “EAGLE and EUROPEANA: Architecture Problems for Aggregation and Harmonization”, Proceedings of the Symposium on Cultural Heritage Markup. Balisage Series on Markup Technologies 16, 2015.

Liuzzo 2018: P. M. Liuzzo, “EAGLE continued: IDEA. The International Digital Epigraphy Association”, en: A. De Santis e I. Rossi (eds.), Crossing Experiences in Digital Epigraphy, Berlin 2018, 216–230.

MacMullen 1982: R. MacMullen, “The epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire”, AJPh 103.3, 1982, 233–246.

Meyer 1990: E. A. Meyer, “Explaining the epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire: the evidence of epitaphs”, JRS 80, 1990, 74–96.

Meyer 2011: E. A. Meyer, “Epigraphy and communication”, en: M. Peachin (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, Oxford 2011, 191–226.

Michelena 1985: L. Michelena, Lengua e historia, Madrid 1985.

Moncunill 2010: N. Moncunill, Els noms personals ibèrics en l’epigrafia antiga de Catalunya, Barcelona 2010.

Moncunill 2019: N. Moncunill, “From Iberians to Romans: The Latinization of Iberian Onomastics through Latin Epigraphic Evidence”, Phoenix 73, 2019, 134–163.

Moncunill 2021: N. Moncunill, “Variación y continuidad en la onomástica personal de los iberos (s. V a. C. – II d. C.)”, Palaeohispanica 21, 2021, 435–465.

Moncunill 2024: N. Moncunill, “Indigenous Languages, Bilingualism, and Literacy in Hispania Citerior, Third Century BCE– First Century CE”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 43–83.

Moncunill y Ramírez Sánchez 2021: N. Moncunill y M. Ramírez Sánchez (eds.), Aprender la escritura, olvidar la escritura: Nuevas perspectivas sobre la historia de la escritura en el Occidente romano, Vitoria 2021.

Mullen 2021: A. Mullen, “Socio-literacy: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding literacy in the Roman North-West”, en: N. Moncunill y M. Ramírez Sánchez (eds.), Aprender la escritura, olvidar la escritura: Nuevas perspectivas sobre la historia de la escritura en el Occidente romano, Vitoria 2021, 357–380.

Mullen 2024a: A. Mullen, “Exploring Life and Languages in the Roman Western Provinces: Methods, Materials, and Mindsets”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 1–42.

Mullen 2024b: A. Mullen, “Languages and literacies in Roman Britain”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 355–401.

Mullen 2024c: A. Mullen, “The Languages and Epigraphies of Iron Age and Roman Gaul”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 151–204.

Mullen y Willi 2024: A. Mullen y A. Willi, Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024.

Olesti Vila 2019: O. Olesti Vila, “Los instrumentos de escritura y registro en el noreste peninsular en época republicana (s. II–I a. n. e.) como indicadores de romanización”, Palaeohispanica 19, 2019, 55–79.

Olesti Vila 2021: O. Olesti Vila, “Writing instruments for managing provincial resources during the Roman occupation of northeast Hispania (2nd and 1st c. BCE)”, Journal of Roman Archaeology 34.1, 2021, 98–129.

Orduña 2019: E. Orduña, “The Vasco-Iberian theory”, en A. G. Sinner y J. Velaza (eds.), Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford 2019, 219–239.

Ramírez Sánchez 2022: M. Ramírez Sánchez, “Veinte años de Paleohispanística. Análisis bibliométrico e historiográfico de Palaeohispanica (2001–2021) en el contexto de las revistas españolas sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua”, Palaeohispanica 22, 2022, 15–46.

Ruiz Darasse 2024: C. Ruiz Darasse, Écrire à Ensérune. Étude des inscriptions retrouvées sur l’oppidum (IVe a. C. – Ier p. C.), Montpellier 2024.

Ruiz Darasse 2025: C. Ruiz Darasse (ed.), Contacts linguistiques et graphiques dans les inscriptions en langue gauloise, Bordeaux 2025.

Simón Cornago 2021: I. Simón Cornago, “Arqueología de la escritura: los soportes de las escrituras paleohispánicas”, Palaeohispanica 21, 2021, 589–632.

Untermann 1977: J. Untermann, “Zwei Colloquien über Sprachen und Schriften im vorrömischen Hispanien”, Madrider Mitteilungen 18, 1977, 355–359.

Vallejo Ruiz 2005: J. M. Vallejo Ruiz, Antroponimia indígena de la Lusitania romana, Vitoria 2005.

Willi 2024: A. Willi, “Writing Latin in Germania Superior”, en: A. Mullen y A. Willi (eds.), Latinization, Local Languages, and Literacies in the Roman West, Oxford 2024, 273–320.

Wodtko 2013: D. Wodtko, “Models of language spread and language development in prehistoric Europe”, en: J. T. Koch y B. W. Cunliffe (eds.), Celtic from the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe, Oxford 2013, 185–206.

Woolf 1996: G. D. Woolf, “Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society”, JRS 86,

1996, 22–39.

Zeidler 2011: J. Zeidler, “Review of Cunliffe, B. W. and Koch, J. T. (eds.), Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language, and Literature, Oxford/ Oakville, CT 2010”, BMCR 2011.09.57.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-26

How to Cite

Epigraphy and Literacy in the Iberian Peninsula:Echoes of the Past, Challenges of the Present. (2025). Palaeohispanica. Review about Languages and Cultures of Ancient Hispania, 25, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.732

Similar Articles

1-10 of 406

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)