The Relationship between Basque and Iberian: beyond the Numerals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.690Keywords:
Vasco-Iberian theory, Iberian language, Vasconic-Aquitanian language, History of the Basque language, Kinship namesAbstract
This paper first presents a state of the art of the Basque-Iberian theory, from its
evolution and current situation to an exposition of the main arguments in its favour, in nominal
and verbal morphology, and in the numeral lexicon. Next, a new proposal is made for the
identification of a lexicon of kinship names and other personal denominations in Iberian that
may be related to Basque, based on several contextual arguments.
References
Aiestaran et al. 2023: M. Aiestaran, J. Gorrochategui y J. Velaza, “La inscripción vascónica de Irulegi (Valle de Aranguren, Navarra)”, PalHisp 23, 2023, 267-293. DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v23i0.560.
Beltrán Martínez 1951: A. Beltrán Martínez, “El “Vasco-Iberismo”. Alcance del término y estado de la cuestión”, Zephyrus 2, 1951, 1519.
Beltrán y Velaza 2009: F. Beltrán y J. Velaza, “De etnias y monedas: las ‘cecas vasconas’, una revisión crítica”, en: J. Andreu Pintado (coord.), Los vascones de las fuentes antiguas. En torno a una etnia de la Antigüedad peninsular, Barcelona 2009, 99-126.
de Hoz 2011: J. de Hoz J., Historia lingüística de la Península Ibérica en la Antigüedad II. El mundo ibérico prerromano y la indoeuropeización, Madrid 2011.
de Hoz 2013: J. de Hoz, “La lingüística ibérica antes y después de Luis Michelena”, en: R. Gómez; J. Gorrochategui; J. Lakarra y C. Mounole (eds.), Koldo Mitxelena Katedraren III. Biltzarra, Vitoria 2013, 643-672.
de Hoz y Michelena 2011: J. de Hoz y L. Michelena, “La inscripción celtibérica de Botorrita”, en: J.A. Lakarra y I. Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.), Luis Michelena. Obras Completas, Bilbo-Donostia 2011, 207-257.
Ferrer i Jané 2005: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Novetats sobre el sistema dual de diferenciació gràfica de les oclusives sordes i sonores”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 957-982.
Ferrer i Jané 2006: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Nova lectura de la inscripció ibèrica de La Joncosa (Jorba, Barcelona)”, Veleia 23, 2006, 129-170.
Ferrer i Jané 2009; J. Ferrer i Jané, “El sistema de numerales ibérico: avances en su conocimiento”, PalHisp 9, 2009, 451-479.
Ferrer i Jané 2011: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Sistemas metrológicos en textos ibéricos (1): del cuenco de La Granjuela al plomo de La Bastida”, E.L.E.A. 11, 2011, 99-130.
Ferrer i Jané 2018: J. Ferrer i Jané, “A la recerca dels teònims ibèrics: a propòsit d’una nova lectura d’una inscripció ibèrica rupestre d’Oceja (Cerdanya)”, en: J. Vallejo, I. Igartua y C. García Castillero (eds.), Studia Philologica et Diachronica in Honorem Joaquín Gorrochategui. Indoeuropaea et Palaeohispanica, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2018, 101-126.
Ferrer i Jané 2019: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Construint el panteó ibèric amb l’ajut de les inscripcions ibèriques rupestres”, Ker 13, 2019, 42-57.
Ferrer i Jané 2021a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “El text ocult del palimpsest del segon plom ibèric de Iàtova (València)”, Veleia 38, 2021, 57-90.
Ferrer i Jané 2021b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “L’abecedari ibéric no dual de L’Esquirol i altres novetats d’epigrafia ibèrica rupestre ausetana”, RArqP 31, 2021, 79-103.
Ferrer i Jané 2022: J. Ferrer i Jané, “El sistema de numerals ibèric: més enllà de la semblança formal amb els numerals bascos”, RArqP 32, 2022, 9-42. DOI 10.21001/rap.2022.32.1.
Ferrer i Jané 2024a: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Annorum vinum: una nova proposta d’interpretació de les inscripcions ibèriques pintades a les àmfores de Vieille-Toulouse”, QPAC 41, 2024, 89-114.
Ferrer i Jané 2024b: J. Ferrer i Jané, “Ogei (20). Una possible marca de lèxica de capacitat ibèrica expressada en àmfores, sobre un dolium de Ruscino (Perpinyà)”, en: M. Rueda, R. Járrega (eds.), Dolia ex Hispania. Els dolia a les províncies d’Hispania en època romana. Estat de la qüestió i perspectives, Tarragona 2024, 55-68. DOI: 10.51417/trama_12_04.
Ferrer i Jané y Escrivà 2014: J. Ferrer i Jané y V. Escrivà, “Un plomo ibérico de Casinos (Valencia) con numerales léxicos y expresiones metrológicas”, PalHisp 14, 2014, 205-227.
Ferrer i Jané et al. 2009: J. Ferrer i Jané J., I. Garcés, J.R. González, J. Principal y J.I. Rodríguez, “Els materials arqueològics i epigràfics de Monteró (Camarasa, la Noguera, Lleida). Troballes anteriors a les excavacions de l’any 2002”, QPAC 27, 2009, 109-154.
Ferrer i Jané y Giral 2007: J. Ferrer i Jané y F. Giral, “A propósito de un semis de Ildiŕda con leyenda erder. Marcas de valor léxicas sobre monedas ibéricas”, PalHisp 7, 2007, 83-89.
Gorrochategui 1993: J. Gorrochategui, “La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica”, en: F. Villar y J. Untermann (eds.), Lengua y cultura en la Hispania prerromana. Actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica, Colonia 1993, 609-633.
Gorrochategui 2013: J. Gorrochategui, “Hispania indoeuropea y no indoeuropea”, en: E. Blasco Ferrer, P. Francalacci, A. Nocentini y G. Tanda. (eds.), Iberia e Sardegna. Legami linguistici, archeologici e genetici dal Mesolitico all’Età del Bronzo, Firenze 2013, 47-64.
Gorrochategui 2022: J. Gorrochategui, “6 The Relationship between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and Challenges of the Comparative Method in a Context of Poor Documentation”, en: T.C. Chacon (ed.), Language Change and Linguistic Diversity. Studies in Honour of Lyle Campbell, Edinburgh 2022, 105-129. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474488143-010.
Gorrochategui y Lakarra 1996: J. Gorrochategui y J. Lakarra, “Nuevas aportaciones a la reconstrucción del Protovasco”, en: F. Villar y J. d’Encarnaçao (eds.), La Hispania Prerromana. Actas del VI Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica, Salamanca 1996, 102-145.
Gorrochategui y Velaza 2023: J. Gorrochategui y J. Velaza, “La mano de Irulegi: edición y comentarios epigráficos y lingüísticos”, Fontes Linguae Vasconum 136, 2023, 491-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35462/flv136.9_1.
Humboldt 1821: W. von Humboldt, Prüfung der Untersuchungen über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittelst der vaskischen Sprache, Berlin 1821.
Lakarra 2010: J.A. Lakarra, “Haches, diptongos y otros detalles de alguna importancia: notas sobre numerales (proto)vascos y comparación vasco-ibérica (con un apéndice sobre hiri y otro sobre bat-bi)”, Veleia 27, 2010, 91-238.
Lakarra 2013: J. A. Lakarra, “Gramática histórica vasca o vasco-iberismo”, PalHisp 13, 2013, 567-592.
Luján y López Fernández 2016: E. Luján y A. López Fernández, “La cueva de La Camareta: revisión de epigrafía paleohispánica”, PalHisp 16, 247-259.
Michelena 1961: L. Michelena, “Comentarios en torno a la lengua ibérica”, Zephyrus 12, 1961, 5-23.
Michelana 1969: L. Michelena, “Sobre algunos nombres vascos de parentesco”, Fontes Linguae Vasconum 2, 1969, 113-132.
Michelena 1985: L. Michelena, “Onomástica aquitana”, en: Lengua e Historia, Madrid 1985, 409-445.
Moncunill et al. 2016: N. Moncunill, J. Ferrer i Jané y J. Gorrochategui “Nueva lectura de la inscripción ibérica sobre piedra conservada en el museo de Cruzy (Hérault)”, Veleia 33, 2016, 259-274.
Moncunill y Velaza 2019: N. Moncunill y J. Velaza, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. Band V.2. Lexikon der iberischen Inschriften — Léxico de las inscripciones ibéricas, Wiesbaden 2019.
Moncunill y Velaza 2021: N. Moncunill y J. Velaza, “Tituli loquentes en ibérico: una aproximación desde el análisis interno y la epigrafía comparada”, Emerita 89(2), 309-333.
Moncunill 2018: N. Moncunill, “Mujeres iberas en inscripciones latinas: estudio morfológico de los nombres femeninos en ibérico”, en: J.M. Vallejo, I. Igartua y C. García Castillero (eds.), Studia Philologica et Diachronica in Honorem Joaquín Gorrochategui. Indoeuropaea et Palaeohispanica, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2018, 331-358.
Orduña 2005: E. Orduña, “Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 491-505.
Orduña 2006: E. Orduña, Segmentación de textos ibéricos y distribución de los segmentos, U.N.E.D, Madrid 2006. Tesis doctoral inédita, dirigida por J. de Hoz y R. Pedrero. Consultable en http://eorduna.awardspace.com.
Orduña 2008: E. Orduña, “Ergatividad en ibérico”, Emerita 76(2), 2008, 275-302.
Orduña 2011: E. Orduña, “Los numerales ibéricos y el protovasco”, Veleia 28, 2011, 125-139.
Orduña 2013: E. Orduña, “Los numerales ibéricos y el vascoiberismo”, PalHisp 13, 2013, 517-529.
Orduña 2018: E. Orduña, “Cuestiones de morfología nominal relacionadas con la epigrafía votiva ibérica y aquitana”, en: J.M. Vallejo, I. Igartua y C. García Castillero (eds.), Studia Philologica et Diachronica in Honorem Joaquín Gorrochategui. Indoeuropaea et Palaeohispanica, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2018, 413-428.
Orduña 2019: E. Orduña, “9. The Vasco-Iberian Theory”, en: A.G. Sinner y J. Velaza (eds.), Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford 2019, 219-239.
Orduña 2021: E. Orduña, “Onomástica ibérica y vasco-aquitana: nuevos planteamientos”, PalHisp 21, 2021, 467-494.
Orduña 2023: E. Orduña, “Observaciones sobre la inscripción de la mano de bronce de Irulegi”, en: J. Gorrochategui y E. Santazilia (eds.), La mano de Irulegi: reflexiones desde la paleohispanística y la vascología [Dosier], Fontes Linguae Vasconum 136, 2023, 539-549.
Orduña 2023b: E. Orduña, “La inscripción musiva de Andelo: nuevos planteamientos”, PalHisp 23, 2023, 63-74.
Orduña 2024: E. Orduña, “El verbo ibérico eŕok: contextos y posibles paralelos vascónicos”, E.L.E.A. 21, 2024, 277-308.
Pérez Orozco 2007: S. Pérez Orozco, “Sobre la posible interpretación de algunos componentes de la onomástica ibérica”, E.L.E.A. 8, 2007, 89-117.
Quintanilla 2005: A. Quintanilla, “Palabras de contenido verbal en ibérico”, PalHisp 5, 2005, 507-519.
Rebé et al. 2012: I. Rébé, J. de Hoz y E. Orduña, “Dos plomos ibéricos de Ruscino (Perpignan, P.-O)”, PalHisp 12, 2012, 211-251.
Rodríguez Ramos 2000: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “La lengua íbera: En busca del paradigma perdido”, Revista internacional d’humanitats 3, 2000. http://www.hottopos.com.br/rih3/lengiber.htm.
Rodríguez Ramos 2002a: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Acerca de los afijos adnominales de la lengua íbera”, Faventia 24(1), 2002, 115-134.
Rodríguez Ramos 2002b: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera”, Fontes Linguae Vasconum 90, 2002, 197-217.
Rodríguez Ramos 2002-2003: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “¿Existe el doble sufijo de “genitivo” -ar -en en la lengua íbera?”, QPAC 23, 2022-2023, 251-255.
Rodríguez Ramos 2004: J. Rodríguez Ramos, Análisis de epigrafía íbera, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2004.
Rodríguez Ramos 2005a: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Introdució a l’estudi de les inscripcions ibèriques”, Revista de la Fundació Privada Catalana per a l’Arqueologia Ibèrica 1, 2005, 13-144.
Rodríguez Ramos 2005b: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “La problemática del sufijo “primario” o “temático” -k- en la lengua íbera y del vocabulario de las inscripciones religiosas iberas”, Faventia 27(1), 2005, 23-38.
Rodríguez Ramos 2014: J. Rodríguez Ramos, “Nuevo Índice Crítico de formantes de compuestos de tipo onomástico íberos”, Arqueoweb 15, 2014, 81-238.
Schuchardt 1909: H. Schuchardt, “Iberische Personennamen”, Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos 3, 1909, 237-247.
Silgo 2004: L. Silgo, “Nuevo estudio sobre el plomo ibérico de Pujol de Gasset (F.6.1)”, Arse 38, 2004, 15-28.
Silgo 2009: L. Silgo, “Nuevo estudio de la incripción ibérica sobre plomo Orleyl V (F.9.5). ¿Una defixio pública?”, E.L.E.A. 9, 2009, 347-413.
Silgo 2022: L. Silgo, Léxico ibérico. 2a edición ampliada y corregida. Versión 0.2., Valencia 2022.
Untermann 1990: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. Band III. Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien, Wiesbaden 1990.
Untermann 1996: J. Untermann, “Los plomos ibéricos: Estado actual de su interpretación”, E.L.E.A. 2 , 75-108.
Untermann 2001: J. Untermann, “Algunas novedades sobre la lengua de los plomos ibéricos”, en: F. Villar y M.P. Fernández Álvarez (eds.), Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania. Actas del VIII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica, Salamanca 2001, 613-627.
Velaza 1994: J. Velaza, “Iberisch eban, teban”. ZPE 104, 1994, 142-50.
Velaza 2002: J. Velaza, “Ibérico -te”, PalHisp 2, 2002, 271-275.
Velaza 2006: J. Velaza, “Chronica Epigraphica Iberica VII (2004-2005)”, PalHisp 6, 2006, 303-327.
Velaza 2011: J. Velaza, “Cuestiones de morfología verbal en ibérico”, en: E. Luján y J.G. Alonso (eds.), A greek man in the Iberian street. Papers in Linguistics and Epigraphy in Honour of Javier de Hoz, Innsbruck 2011, 295-304.
Velaza 2024: J. Velaza, “egiar, tagiar y la expresión de la autoría en la epigrafía ibérica: algunas breves reflexiones”, en: G. Baratta (ed.), FECIT: firme di artisti ed artigiani nel mondo antico. Scritti in onore di Alfredo Buonopane, Roma 2024, 353-361.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Eduardo Orduña Aznar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Professional standards and ethical policies
a) Palaeohispanica’s editorial board
Details concerning the journal’s internal organization can be found at this website.
b) Authors’ responsibilities
As an implicit condition for publishing in Palaeohispanica, authors are expected to adhere to all the ethical and professional principles that are shared across all research fields and academic publications. By submitting a contribution for peer review, potential authors guarantee that their work is original, that it constitutes a significant contribution to its research field and has not been published elsewhere.
All submitted manuscripts ought to contain bibliographic references at the end of the paper as well as an indication of how the research that culminated in the article was funded.
Likewise, authors must agree to incorporate any relevant changes that peer reviewers suggest as well as to include any recommendations that the editorial committee includes in the manuscript’s proofs at the end of the editorial process.
The journal expects its authors, reviewers, editors and staff members to all conduct themselves professionally by treating others with respect and civility. Should any sort of untoward situation arise, such as (self) plagiarism, conflicts of interest or aggressive behaviour on the author’s part, the following actions will be taken:
- Plagiarism and the republication of articles
Plagiarism is defined as the reproduction of a text or other materials found in different publications without the original source being adequately cited. Accordingly, material can still be plagiarized even when it has been tweaked or paraphrased. Plagiarism constitutes a serious ethical violation; furthermore, there can be legal ramifications for violating an author’s rights in cases where the reproduced material has been previously published. Authors who want to cite published work must do so by including complete references to the original materials and by including any quotations within quotation marks. Graphs and images can only be reproduced with the express permission of the original author and must include a citation below said image or graphic according to the rules laid out on the journal’s website. If a peer reviewer or the editorial board detects any instance of plagiarism (whether of one’s own or another’s work), the manuscript will automatically be disqualified.
- Conflicts of interest
In most instances an individual who works at the same institution as an author or one of the co-authors is automatically barred from evaluating a potential contribution. The journal’s editors must always be aware of possible conflicts of interest and are required to recuse themselves from any decision-making process, whenever there is even the appearance of a possible conflict of interest.
c) The peer-review process
Palaeohispanica employs peers to evaluate externally all contributions, with this being understood as obtaining the opinion of an established expert over the merits of every potential contribution. In addition to completing the relevant form, reviewers are expected to suggest any pertinent bibliography that was not included in the original version of the manuscript.
Furthermore, the peer-review process is double blind, meaning that both authors’ anonymity as well as the reviewers’ impartiality and independence are guaranteed. Reader reviews will be treated with the utmost confidentiality. As is the case with all respectable research journals, the editors of Palaeohispanicawill not share with a third party the identity of a peer reviewer, the contents of his or her review or any correspondence resulting from the review process. Likewise, reviewers are required to adhere to the same strict standard of confidentiality: neither manuscripts nor the contents of any correspondence between an author and the editors can be shared with a third party without the written and express consent of the journal’s editors.
While strictly speaking authors are not held to the same standards (they can, for instance, solicit advice from co-authors and colleagues as they revise and amend a manuscript in accordance with the recommendations found in a reviewer’s report), the public airing of a reviewer’s report or of the correspondence with the editorial team constitutes untoward behavior. Any author who acts in such a way will automatically forfeit his or her right to the journal’s confidentiality.
- Aggressive behaviour
Should the editorial committee be made aware of any untoward behaviour on the author’s part towards external reviewers, other authors or the journal’s editors/staff, that author’s submission will immediately be withdrawn from the consideration process.
All participants in the publication process, including editors, authors, peer reviewers, and member’s of the journal’s staff are expected to meet basic standards of professional courtesy and to respect the fundamental rules and guidelines concerning the peer-review and publication processes. Under any circumstance, personal attacks and verbal assault (whether expressed orally or through writing) are completely unacceptable. Accordingly, the journal reserves the right to reject the contribution of any author who repeatedly violates these principles or refuses to cooperate with the editors and reviewers during the normal evaluation and publication processes.
d) Editorial ethics
The editorial team at Palaeohispanica will bring an end to any dishonest research practice by submitting every proposal to a careful review process that will begin before the selection of possible peer reviewers. Should anything questionable be detected, an author will be asked to provide relevant explanations and then be told to review his/her text so as to meet the journal’s quality standards. If an author does not make the requested changes, the manuscript will not be submitted for double-blind peer review and, accordingly, will not be published. The editorial board is always available to discuss and debate with authors any misunderstanding that could have given rise to such a situation.
e) Copyright and journal access
Journal content falls under the protection of licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA. Access the all journal content is open and free of charge.
f) Journal archive
Given that the Institución Fernando el Católico is an established and important publishing house, it is extremely unlikely that access to the journal’s contents could be compromised in anyway within the foreseeable future. The contents of Palaeohispanica will be stored in IFC’s servers even if the journal ceases to be published.
g) Ownership and management of the journal
The journal Palaeohispanica is edited and run by the institution «Fernando el Católico», an independent entity of the Excelentísima Diputación de Zaragoza.
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
Privacy policy
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portabilityby contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
The IFC’s privacy and data protection policy can be consulted at https://tiendaifc.dpz.es/Sites/dpz/paginasPersonalizadas/Modelo2/inicio.aspx. It can also be found in the journal’s the top navigation menu: http://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/dpd
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
