On the textual fixation of the Lusitanian inscriptions of Lamas de Moledo, Cabeço das Fráguas and Arronches: the contribution of the “Morphological Residual Model” (MRM), its results and main interpretative consequences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.416Keywords:
Lusitano. Cabeço das Fráguas. Lamas de Moledo. Arronches. Modelo de Resíduo Morfológico (MRM). Fixação textual.Abstract
The fixation, as rigorous as possible, of ancient texts acquires maximum relevance in the case of languages which have long since disappeared, such as Lusitanian. The intense deterioration of certain areas of the epigraphic areas in inscriptions written in this language has divided the scientific community as to the reading of certain words contained therein, thus hampering the full understanding of such documents. The new “Morphological Residual Model” (MRM) technique, developed by one of the authors (HP) and now applied to the rock monuments of Cabeço das Fráguas and Lamas de Moledo, as well as to the stele of Arronches, offers objective and impartial results which make it possible to definitively clarify some of these doubts. Starting from this renewed and more exact fixation of the texts, we will not hesitate (J.C.R.) to draw, from now on, the appropriate interpretative conclusions.References
AE: L’Année Épigraphique.
Alarcão 1988a: J. de Alarcão, O Domínio Romano em Portugal, Mem-Martins 1988.
Alarcão 1988b: J. de Alarcão, Roman Portugal I, Warminster 1988.
Alarcão 2001: J. de Alarcão, “Novas perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia 4.2, 2001, 293-349.
Albertos 1973: M.L. Albertos, “Lenguas primitivas de la Península Ibérica”, Boletín de la Institución ‘Sancho el Sabio’ 17, 1973, 69-107.
Albertos 1975: M.L. Albertos, Organizaciones Suprafamiliares en la Hispania Antigua, [= Studia Archaeologica 37], Valladolid 1975.
Albertos 1985: M.L. Albertos, “Notas a los trabajos del Prof. Corominas, presentados al I Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Prerromanas de la Península Ibérica, Salamanca 1974”, in III CLCP, Salamanca 1985, 503-505.
Alfayé e Marco 2008: S. Alfayé e M. Marco, “Religion, language and identity in Hispania: Celtiberian and Lusitanian rock inscripcions”, in: R. Häussler (dir.), Romanisation et Épigraphie. Études Interdisciplinaires sur l’Acculturation et l’Identité dans l’Empire Romain, [= Archéologie et Histoire Romaine 17], Montagnac 2008, 281-305.
Almeida 1943: J. de Almeida, “Roteiro dos Monumentos de Arquitectura Militar do Concelho da Guarda”, O Instituto 102, 1943, 10-112.
Armada 2015: X.-L. Armada, “Sacrificio, consumo cárnico y religión del Bronce Atlántico a los celtas occidentales”, in: F.J. García, F. Lozano e A. Pereira (coords.), El Alimento de los Dioses. Sacrificio y Consumo de Alimentos en las Religiones Antiguas, Sevilla 2015, 123-156.
Bähr 1948: G. Bähr, “Baskisch und Iberisch”, Eusko-Jakintza 2, 1948, 3-20, 167-194, 381-455.
Balmori 1935: C.H. Balmori, “Sobre la inscripción bilingüe de Lamas de Moledo”, Emerita 3, 1935, 77-119.
BDHesp: Hesperia. Banco de Datos de Lenguas Paleohispánicas, Madrid, hesperia.ucm.es [consultado em 01-07-2020].
Berardo 1857: J. de O. Berardo, Memoria sobre Algumas Inscripções Encontradas no Districto de Viseu, Lisboa 1857.
Best 1981-82: J.G.P. Best, “Zur frühindoeuropäischen Sprache in Lusitanien”, ΤΑΛΑΝΤΑ. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 13, 1981-82, 63-68.
Blažek 2006: V. Blažek, “Lusitanian Language”, Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 11, 2006, 5-18.
Blázquez 1975: J.M. Blázquez, Diccionario de las Religiones Prerromanas de Hispania, Madrid 1975.
Blázquez 1983; J.M. Blázquez, Religiones Prerromanas, Madrid 1983.
Blázquez 2001: J.M. Blázquez, Religiones, Ritos y Creencias Funerarias de la Hispania Prerromana, Madrid 2001.
Blázquez 2010: J.M. Blázquez, “Nuevos teónimos hispanos. Addenda y Corrigenda VI”, ’Ilu. Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones 15, 2010, 57-90.
Búa 1999: J.C. Búa, “Hipótesis para algunas inscripciones rupestres del occidente peninsular”, in: VII CLCP, Salamanca 1999, 309-327.
Búa [2000]: J.C. Búa, Estudio Lingüístico de la Teonimia Lusitano-Gallega, Salamanca [2000]. [Tesis doctoral].
Caninas, Pires et al. 2016: J.C. Caninas, H. Pires, F. Henriques, M. Chambino, “Rock art in Portugal´s border area”, Rock Art Research 33.1, 2016, 79-88.
Cardim 2002: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “Inscrição rupestre redigida em lusitano, Cabeço das Fráguas (Sabugal)”, in: id. (coord.), Religiões da Lusitânia – Loquuntur Saxa, Lisboa, 2002, 369-370 n.º VII.
Cardim 2010: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “Algumas considerações sobre a inscrição em ‘Lusitano’ descoberta em Arronches (Portugal)”, PalHisp 10, 2010, 41-62.
Cardim 2013: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “Damos-te esta Ovelha, Ó Trebopala! A Invocatio Lusitana de Cabeço das Fráguas (Portugal)”, PalHisp 13, 2013, 237-256.
Cardim 2014: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “Damos-te esta Ovelha, Ó Trebopala! A Invocatio Lusitana de Cabeço das Fráguas (Portugal) [versão extensa]”, Conimbriga 53, 2014, 99-144.
Cardim 2015: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “La inscripción lusitana de Arronches”, in: J.M. Álvarez Martínez, A. Carvalho, C. Fabião (eds.), Lusitania Romana. Origen de Dos Pueblos, [= Studia Lusitana 9], Mérida 2015, 35-40 e 46.
Cardim 2016: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “A inscrição lusitana de Arronches» [versão acrescentada], in: A. Carvalho, J.M. Álvarez Martínez e C. Fabião (coords.): Lusitania Romana. Origem de Dois Povos, Lisboa 2016, 34-39 e 44.
Cardim 2021: J. Cardim Ribeiro, “A inscrição lusitana de Sansueña (‘Arroyo I’)”, in: XIII CLCP, Zaragoza. [Neste mesmo volume de Actas].
CIL II: E. Hübner, Inscriptiones Hispaniae Latinae, [= Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum II], Berlin 1869.
Corominas 1976: J. Corominas, “Acerca de algunas inscripciones del Noroeste”, in I CLCP, Salamanca 1976, 363-385.
Correia 2007: M.J. Correia Santos, “El sacrificio en el occidente de la Hispania romana: para un nuevo análisis de los ritos de tradición indoeuropea”, PalHisp 7, 2007, 175-217.
Correia 2008: M.J. Correia Santos, “The triple animal sacrifice and the religious practice of the indigenous western Hispania”, in: A. Sartori (ed.), Dedicanti e Cultores nelle Religioni Celtiche: VIII Workshop FERCAN, Milano 2008, 253-274.
Correia 2009: M.J. Correia Santos, “Lusitanos y Vettones en la Beira Interior portuguesa: la cuestión étnica en la encrucijada de la arqueologia y los textos clássicos”, in: P.J. Sanabria (coord.), Lusitanos y Vettones: Los Pueblos Prerromanos en la actual demarcación Beira Baixa - Alto Alentejo - Cáceres, [= Memorias 9], Cáceres 2009, 181-196.
Correia 2010: M.J. Correia Santos, “O Cabeço das Fráguas e a concepção de espaço sagrado na Hispania indo-europeia”, in: id. e Th. Schattner (eds.), Porcom, Oilam, Taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o Santuário no seu Contexto, [= Iberografias 6], Guarda 2010, 131-145.
Correia e Pires 2014: M.J. Correia Santos, H. Pires, “A estela funerária de Capela, Penafiel (Conventus Bracaraugustanus)”, FE 119, 2014, n.º 510. [https://www.uc.pt/fluc/iarq/pdfs/Pdfs_ FE/FE_119_2014]
Correia, Pires et al. 2014: M.J. Correia Santos, H. Pires, O. Sousa, J. Fonte, L. Gonçalves-Seco, “Travelling back in Time to Recapture Old Texts. The use of Morphological Residual Model (M.R.M.) for epigraphic reading: four case studies (CIL 02, 02395a, CIL 02, 02395c, CIL 02, 02476, CIL 02, 05607)”, in: S. Orlandi, R. Santucci, V. Casarosa, P.M. Liuzzo (eds.), Information Technologies for Epigraphy and Cultural Heritage. Proceedings of the First EAGLE International Conference, Roma 2014 437-454. [vd. ainda diaporama online mais profusamente ilustrado, https://docplayer.com.br/118687627-Travelling-back-in-time-to-recapture-old-the-use-of-morphological-residual-model-m-r-m-for-epigraphic-reading-four-case-cil-ii-5607 texts.html].
Correia, Pires e Sousa 2014: M.J. Correia Santos, H. Pires, O. Sousa, “Nuevas lecturas de las inscripciones del santuario de Panóias (Vila Real, Portugal)”, Sylloge Epigraphica Barcinonensis 12, 2014, 197-224.
Correia e Schattner 2010: M.J. Correia Santos e Th. Schattner, “O santuário de Cabeço das Fráguas através da arqueologia”, in: M.J. Correia Santos e Th. Schattner (eds.), Porcom, Oilam,Taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o Santuário no seu Contexto, [= Iberografias 6], Guarda 2010, 89-108.
Cortez 1951: F.R. Cortez, [Nota in] Fasti Archaeologici 6, 1951, n.º 5017.
Curado 1989: F. Patrício Curado, “As inscrições indígenas de Lamas de Moledo (Castro Daire) e do Cabeço das Fráguas, Pousafoles (Sabugal)”, in: Actas do I Colóquio Arqueológico de Viseu, Viseu 1989, 349-370.
Curado 1996: F. Patrício Curado, “As inscrições indígenas de Lamas de Moledo e do Cabeço das Fráguas”, in: J. de Alarcão (coord.), De Ulisses a Viriato, Lisboa 1996, 154-159.
Curado 2002: F. Patrício Curado, “A ‘Ideologia Tripartida dos Indoeuropeus’ e as religiões de tradição paleohispânica no Ocidente peninsular”, in J. Cardim (coord.), Religiões da Lusitânia. Loquuntur Saxa, Lisboa 2010, 71-77.
De Bernardo 2013: P. De Bernardo Stempel, “Celtic and other indigenous divine names found in the Italian Peninsula”, in P. De Bernardo Stempel e A. Hofeneder (coords.), Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio, Wien 2013, 73-96.
De Hoz 1993: J. De Hoz, “Testimonios lingüísticos relativos al problema céltico en la Península Ibérica”, in: M. Almagro-Gorbea e G. Ruiz (eds.), Los Celtas: Hispania y Europa, Madrid 1993, 357-407.
De Hoz 2013: J. De Hoz, “La epigrafía lusitana y la intersección de religión y lengua como marcador identitario”, Revista da Facultade de Letras, Ciências e Técnicas do Património 12, 2013, 87-98.
Delamarre 2007: X. Delamarre, Noms de Personnes Celtiques dans l’Épigraphie Classique, Paris 2007.
De Vaan 2008: M. De Vaan, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden-Boston 2008.
Du Cange ed. 1954: Ch. du F. Du Cange, Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis, Graz 1954.
EDH: Epigraphic Database Heidelberg, Heidelberg [consultado em 01-07-2020].
Elorza 1967: J.C. Elorza, “Ensayo topográfico de epigrafía romana alavesa”, Estudios de Arqueología Alavesa 2, 1967, 119-185.
Encarnação 1995: J. d’Encarnação, “Panorâmica e problemática geral da epigrafia rupestre em Portugal”, in: A. Rodríguez Colmenero e L. Gasperini (eds.), Saxa Scripta (Inscripciones en Roca). Actas del Simposio Internacional Ibero-Itálico sobre Epigrafía Rupestre, [= Anejos de Larouco 2], A Coruña 1995, 261-277.
Encarnação 2020: J. d’Encarnação, “Testemunhos recentes de teónimos pré-romanos na Lusitânia”, Antrope. Arqueologias e seus Contextos 12, 2020, 249-273.
Encarnação et al. 2008a: J. d’Encarnação, J. de Oliveira, A. Carneiro e C. Teixeira, “Inscrição votiva em língua lusitana (Arronches, Portalegre)”, Conimbriga 47, 2008, 85-102.
Encarnação et al. 2008b: J. d’Encarnação, J. de Oliveira, A. Carneiro e C. Teixeira, “Uma inscrição votiva em língua lusitana”, PalHisp 8, 2008, 167-178.
Fernandes et al. 2009: L. da S. Fernandes, P.S. Carvalho e N. Figueira, “Divindades indígenas numa ara inédita de Viseu”, PalHisp 9, 2009, 143-155.
Encarnação e Guerra 2010: J. d’Encarnação e A. Guerra, “The current state of research on local deities in Portugal”, in: J.A. Arenas-Esteban (ed.), Celtic Religion across Space and Time. IX Workshop FERCAN, [Toledo] 2010, 94-112.
Estarán 2015: M.J. Estarán, “The Lusitanian model uersus the Iberian model: Defining patterns on bilingual inscriptions in the Roman West”, in: E. Dupraz e W. Sowa (dir.), Genres Épigraphiques et Langues d'Attestation Fragmentaire dans l'Espace Méditerranéen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 2015, 317-335.
Estarán 2016: M.J. Estarán, Epigrafía Bilingüe del Occidente Romano. El latín y las Lenguas Locales en las Inscripciones Bilingües y Mixtas, Zaragoza 2016.
Estarán 2019: M.J. Estarán, “Deibabor igo deibobor Vissaieigobor. Notas para el estudio de la retención lingüística en la epigrafía religiosa de la Lusitania romana”, in: J. Tomás García e V. Del Prete (eds.), Imágenes, Lengua y Creencias en Lusitania Romana, Summertown, 2019, 54-72.
Faust 1975: M. Faust, “Die Kelten auf der iberischen Halbinsel: sprachliche Zeugnisse”, Madrider Mitteilungen 16, 1975, 195-207.
Fonte, Pires et al. 2017: J. Fonte, M.J. Correia Santos, J.M. Costa-García, C.I.S. Gaspar, H. Pires, “Castra Oresbi: um assentamento militar romano na Serra do Marão?”, in L. Rosas, A.C. Sousa, H. Barreira (coords), Genius Loci: Lugares e Significados 2, Porto 2017, 81-94.
Garcia 1991: J.M. Garcia, Religiões Antigas de Portugal, Lisboa 1991.
García Alonso 2011: J.L. García Alonso, “Oclusivas aspiradas, celtas e lusitanas”, in: E.R. Luján e J.L. García (eds.), A Greek Man in the Iberian Street. Papers in Linguistics and Epigraphy in Honour of Javier de Hoz, Innsbruck 2011, 175-189.
García Quintela 1992: M.V. García Quintela, “El sacrificio lusitano. Estudio comparativo”, Latomus. Révue d’Études Latines 51.2, 1992, 337-354.
García Quintela 2019: M.V. García Quintela, “Sacrificio y adivinación en el área galaico-lusitana de Iberia”, in: S. Montero e J. García (coords.) Santuarios Oraculares, Ritos y Prácticas Adivinatorias en la Hispania Antigua, Madrid 2019, 53-86.
García Fernández-Albalat (1990): B. García Fernández-Albalat, Guerra y Religión en la Gallaecia y la Lusitania Antiguas, A Coruña 1990.
Gómez Moreno 1942: M. Gómez Moreno, Discursos Leídos en la Recepción Publica de …, Madrid 1942.
Gómez Moreno 1949: M. Gómez Moreno, Misceláneas, Madrid 1949.
Gorrochategui e Vallejo 2015: J. Gorrochategui e J.M. Vallejo, “Langues fragmentaires et aires onomastiques: le cas de la Lusitanie et de l’Aquitaine”, in: E. Dupraz e W. Sowa, Genres Épigraphiques et Langues d'Attestation Fragmentaire dans l'Espace Méditerranéen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 2015, 337-356.
Guerra, 1998: A. Guerra, Nomes Pré-Romanos e Lugares do Ocidente Peninsular, Lisboa 1998. [Dissertação de Doutoramento].
Guyonvarc’h 1967: Ch.-J. Guyonvarc’h, “L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas (Portugal)”, Ogam 19.3-4, 1967, 253-263.
Haeusseler 2008: R. Haeusseler, “How to identify Celtic religion(s) in Roman Britain and Gaul”, in: J. d’Encarnação (coord.), Divindades Indígenas em Análise. Actas do VII Workshop FERCAN, Coimbra-Porto 2008, 13-63.
HAE: Hispania Antiqua Epigraphica.
HE: Hispania Epigraphica.
Holder 19622: A. Holder, Alt-Celtischer Sprachschatz 3, Graz 1962.
Hübner 1871: E. Hübner, Noticias Archeologicas de Portugal, Lisboa 1871.
Hübner e Gurlitt 1869: E. Hübner e W. Gurlitt, [Relatório sobre a epígrafe de Lamas de Moledo apresentado à “Sitzung der philosophisch-historischen Klasse” de 6 de Janeiro], Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahr 1868, 1869, 6-11. [Síntese, com lapsos na transcrição em minúsculas, in Revue Archéologique n.s. 17, 1868, 391-392].
Jiménez 2018: J.M. Jiménez, “Fred C. Woudhuizen, Indo-Europeanization in the Mediterranean. With Particular Attention to the Fragmentary Languages…”, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2018.11.10
López e Vallejo 2018: A. López Fernández e J.M. Valejo, “LAEBO vs. LABBO: Precisiones sobre la lectura de la inscripción lusitana de Cabeço das Fráguas (Benespera, Guarda)”, in: J.M. Vallejo, I. Igartua e C.G. Castillero (eds.), Studia Philologica et Diachronica in Honorem Joaquín Gorrochategui. Indoeuropaea et Palaeohispanica, [= Veleia. Anejos series minor 35], Vitoria/Gasteiz 2018, 251-265
Luján 2019a: E.R. Luján, “Language and writing among the Lusitanians”, in: A.G. Sinner e J. Velaza, Paleohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford 2019, 304-334.
Luján 2019b: E.R. Luján, “Lusitano en seis inscripciones (o siete)”, in: 15 Inscripciones que no Deberías Perderte, Madrid 2019 [no prelo].
Maggi 1983: D. Maggi, “Sui teonimi Trebopala e Iccona nell’ iscrizione lusitana del Cabeço das Fráguas”, in: E. Campanile (ed.), Problemi di Lingua e di Cultura nel Campo Indoeuropeo, Pisa 1983, 53-60.
Marco 2005: F. Marco, “Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula”, e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 6, [= The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula], 2005, 287-345.
Marco 2015: F. Marco, “IOVI TAVRVM…Sacrificios animales a Júpiter en la Lusitania Romana”, in: I. Aguilera, F. Beltrán, M.J. Dueñas, C. Lomba e J.A. Paz (eds.), De las Ánforas al Museo. Estudios Dedicados a Miguel Beltrán Lloris, Zaragoza, 2015, 597-605.
Menéndez Pidal et al. 2008: R. Menéndez Pidal, R. Lapesa e C. García, Léxico Hispánico Primitivo (siglos VIII al XII), edición al cuidado de M. Seco, Madrid 2008.
Michelena 1978: L. Michelena, “Los textos hispánicos prerromanos en lengua indoeuropea”, in: Actas del V Congreso Español de Estudios Clásicos, Madrid, 1978, 433-448.
MLI: E. Hübner, Monumenta Linguae Ibericae, Berlin 1893.
Moralejo 2008: J.J. Moralejo, Callaica Nomina. Estudios de Onomastica Gallega, [A Coruña] 2008.
Olmsted 1994: G.S. Olmsted, The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, Budapest 1994.
Panaite 2013: A. Panaite, “Protective deities of roman roads”, in: C.-G. Alexandrescu (ed.), Jupiter on your Side. Gods and Humans in Antiquity in the Lower Danube Area, Bucharest 2013, 133-142.
Pereira 1630: M.B.R. Pereira, Dialogos Moraes, Historicos, e Politicos, Fundação da Cidade de Vizeu…, cópia manuscrita de 1797 conservada na Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Lisboa, cota COD. 907. [Publicada por Vale 1955].
Pérez Vilatela 2000: L. Pérez Vilatela, Lusitania. Historia y Etnología, [= Bibliotheca Archaeologica Hispana 6], Madrid 2000.
Phillips 1870: H. Phillips, “Über das iberische Alphabet”, Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 65, 1870, 165-238.
Pina 2004: F. Pina, “Deportaciones como castigo e instrumento de colonización durante la República romana. El caso de Hispania”, in: F. Marco, F. Pina e J. Remesal (eds.), Vivir en Tierra Extraña: Emigración e Integración Cultural en el Mundo Antiguo, Barcelona 2004, 211-246.
Pires et al. 2014: H. Pires, J. Fonte, L. Gonçalves-Seco, M.J. Correia Santos e O. Sousa, “Morphological residual model: A tool for enhancing epigraphic readings of highly erosioned surfaces”, in: S. Orlandi, R. Santucci, V. Casarosa, e P.M. Liuzzo (eds.), Information Technologies for Epigraphy and Digital Cultural Heritage. Proceedings of the First EAGLE International Conference, Roma 2014, 133-144.
Pires et al. 2015a: H. Pires, L. Gonçalves-Seco, J. Fonte, P. Mañana, C. Parcero-Oubiña, P. Fábrega-Álvarez, J. Señorán, “From point clouds to archaeological evidence: Improving visualization and spatial analysis of 3D data”, in: A. Posluschny (ed.), Sensing the Past. Contributions from the ArcLand Conference on Remote Sensing for Archaeology, Bonn, 2015, 52-53.
Pires et al. 2015b: H. Pires, J. Martínez, A. Elorza, “Techniques for revealing 3D hidden archeological features: Morphological residual models as virtual-polynomial texture maps”, in: D. Gonzalez-Aguilera, F. Remondino, J. Boehm, T. Kersten, T. Fuse (eds.), 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, [= The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-5/W4], Avila 2015, 415-421.
Pires et al. 2016: H. Pires, J.C. Caninas, F. Henriques (2016), “Aplicação do Modelo de Resíduo Morfológicono registo de gravuras rupestres no Centro de Portugal”, in: R. Vilaça (coord.), II Congresso Internacional de Arqueologia da Região de Castelo Branco, s.l. 2016, 165-178.
Poccetti 2009: P. Poccetti, “Un animal au centre du monde. Le cochon dans l’Antiquité italique et romaine”, in : C. Février (ed.), Journées d’Étude ‘Images de l’animal dans l’Antiquité. Des Figures de l’Animal au Bestiaire Figuré’, [= Schedae 8.1], Caen, 2009, 125-142.
Prosdocimi 1989: A.L. Prosdocimi, “L'iscrizione gallica del Larzac e la flessione dei temi in -a, -i, -ja. Con un ‘excursus’ sulla morfologia del lusitano: acc. crougin, dat. crougeai”, Indogermanische Forschungen 94.1, 1989, 190-206.
Prósper 1994: B.M. Prósper, “El teónimo paleohispano Trebarune”, Veleia 11, 1994, 187-196.
Prósper 1999: B.M. Prósper, “The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the west of the Iberian Peninsula”, Transactions of the Philological Society 97, 1999, 151-183.
Prósper 2002: B.M. Prósper, Lenguas y Religiones Prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica, Salamanca 2002.
Prósper 2004: B.M. Prósper, “Varia palaeohispanica occidentalia. I. Lusitano TAVROM IFADEM. II. Origen del topónimo galaico Glandómiron. III. Indoeuropeo *kor-(y)o- ‘ejército’ en Hispania. IV. Un superlativo hispano-celta *kintúsamos y una cuestión de acento”, PalHisp 4, 2004, 169-194.
Prósper 2010a: B.M. Prósper, “Cabeço das Fráguas y el sacrifício indoeuropeo”, in: M.J. Correia e Th. Schattner (eds.), Porcom, Oilam, Taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o Santuário no seu Contexto, [= Iberografias 6], Guarda 2010, 63-70.
Prósper 2010b: B.M. Prósper, “La lengua lusitana en el marco de las lenguas indoeuropeas occidentales y su relación con las lenguas itálicas”, in: G. Carrasco e J.C. Oliva (coords.), El Mediterráneo Antiguo: Lenguas y Escrituras, Cuenca 2010, 361-391.
Prósper 2010c: B.M. Prósper, “Ogámico Broinienas y la divinidad indoeuropea Broeneiae de la inscripción lusitana de Portalegre”, Emerita 78.2, Madrid 2010, 335-344.
Prósper e Villar 2009: B.M. Prósper e F. Villar, “Nueva inscripción lusitana procedente de Portalegre”, Emerita 77.1, 2009, 1-32.
Rémy 2017: B. Rémy, “Les dieux au nom indigène et leurs cultores chez les Voconces de Vaison-la-Romaine d’après les inscriptions”, in: R. Haeussler e A. King (eds.), Celtic Religions in the Roman Period. Personal, Local and Global, [= Celtic Studies Publications 20], Aberystwyth 2017, 287-308.
Renel 1906: Ch. Renel, Les Religions de la Gaule Avant le Christianisme, Paris 1906.
Rodríguez Colmenero 1993: A. Rodríguez Colmenero, Corpus-Catálogo de Inscripciones Rupestres de Época Romana del Cuadrante Noroccidental de la Península Ibérica, [= Anejos de Larouco 1], A Coruña 1993.
Rodríguez Colmenero 1995: A. Rodríguez Colmenero, “Corpus de inscripciones rupestres de época romana del cuadrante NW de la Península Ibérica”, in: id. e L. Gasperini (eds.), Saxa Scripta (Inscripciones en Roca). Actas del Simposio Internacional Ibero-Itálico sobre Epigrafía Rupestre, [= Anejos de Larouco 2], A Coruña, 1995, 117-259.
Salinas de Frías 2010: M. Salinas de Frías, “Sobre algunas especies animales en el concepto de las religiones prerromanas de Hispania”, in: F. Beltrán, J.L. García, C. Jordán, E. Lujan, J. Velaza e B. Díaz (eds.), Serta Palaeohispanica in Honorem Javier de Hoz, [= PalHisp 10], Zaragoza, 2010, 611-628.
Santos-Estévez, Pires et al. 2017: M. Santos-Estévez, P. Mañana-Borrazás, N. Amado, H. Pires, “La estela de guerrero y la estela antropomorfa de Pedra Alta (Castrelo de Val, Galicia)”, Complutum 28.1, 2017, 71-86.
Schattner 2012: Th. Schattner, “Sobre los carros con copa de Baiões”, in: F. Quesada (coord.), Homenaje al Profesor Manuel Bendala Galán 1 [= CuPAUAM: Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología 37], Madrid, 2012, 263-295.
Schmidt 1957: K.H. Schmidt, Die Komposition in Gallischen Personennamen, [= Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 26.1-4], Tübingen 1957.
Schmidt 1985: K.H. Schmidt, “A contribution to the identification of Lusitanian”, in III CLCP, Salamanca 1985, 319-341.
Schmoll 1959: U. Schmoll, Die Sprachen der Vorkeltischen Indogermanen Hispaniens und Keltiberische, Wiesbaden 1959.
Siles 2017: J. Siles, “Observaciones sobre la inscripción lusitana de Arronches”, in: J.C. Bermejo Barrera e M. García Sánchez (eds.), ΔΕΣΜΟΙ ΦΙΛΙΑΣ. Bonds of Friendship: Studies in Ancient History in Honour of Francisco Javier Fernández Nieto, [= Col·lecció Instrumenta 58], Barcelona, 2017, 335-348.
Siles 2018: J. Siles, “Sobre el orden seguido en el ritual de Cabeço das Fráguas y la naturaleza de las hostiae y victimae en él ofrecidas y sacrificadas”, Anuari de Filologia. Antiqua et Mediaevalia 8, 2018, 927-941.
Simón Cornago 2019a: I. Simón Cornago, “La paleografía y datación de la inscripción lusitana de Lamas de Moledo”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 49.1, 2019, 159-184.
Simón Cornago 2019b: I. Simón Cornago, “Lenguas vernáculas de Hispania escritas en alfabeto latino. Un episodio particular de la latinización”, Athenaeum. Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichità 107.1, 2019, 55-93.
Simón Cornago 2020: I. Simón Cornago, “Adaptations of the Latin alphabet to write fragmentary languages”, in: Lenguas y Culturas Epigráficas Paleoeuropeas. Retos y Perspectivas de Estudio, [= PalHisp 20], Zaragoza 2020, 1067-1101.
Tantimonico 2017: S. Tantimonico, El Latín de Hispania a través de las Inscripciones. La Provincia de la Lusitania, Barcelona 2017 [Tese de Doctorado on line: diposit.ub.edu/dspace/ handle/ 2445/118987].
Tovar 1958: A. Tovar, “Indo-European layers in the Hispanic Peninsula”, in: E. Sivertsen (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo 1958, 705-720.
Tovar 1960: A. Tovar, “Testimonios antiguos”, in: M. Alvar, A. Badía, R. de Balbín e L.F. Lindley Cintra, Enciclopedia Lingüística Hispánica I, Madrid 1960, 101-126.
Tovar 1961: A. Tovar, The Ancient Languages of Spain and Portugal, New York 1961.
Tovar 1966-67: A. Tovar, “L’inscription du Cabeço das Fraguas et la langue des Lusitaniens”, Études Celtiques 11, 1966-67, 237-268.
Tovar 1985: A Tovar, “La inscripción del Cabeço das Fráguas y la lengua de los Lusitanos”, in: III CLCP, Salamanca 1985, 227-253.
Toutain 1907: J. Toutain, Les Cultes Païens dans l’Empire Romain 1: Les Cultes Officiels. Les Cultes Romains et Gréco-Romains, Paris 1907.
Toutain 1920: J. Toutain, Les Cultes Païens dans l’Empire Romain 3: Les Cultes Indigènes Nationaux et Locaux. Afrique du Nord, Péninsule Ibérique, Gaule, Paris 1920.
Tranoy 1981: A. Tranoy, La Galice Romaine: Recherches sur le Nord-Ouest de la Péninsule Ibérique dans l'Antiquité, Paris 1981.
Untermann 1963: J. Untermann, [Recensão a Tovar 1961 in] Indogermanische Forschungen 68, 1963, 317-325.
Untermann 1983: J. Untermann, “Die althispanischen Sprachen”, in: W. Haase (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 29.2, Berlin – New York 1983, 791-818.
Untermann 1987: J. Untermann, “Lusitanisch, Keltiberisch, Keltisch”, in IV CLCP, Vitoria-Gasteiz 1987, 57-76.
Untermann 1997: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum IV: Die Tartessichen, Keltiberischen und Lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden 1997.
Untermann 2002: J. Untermann, “A epigrafia em língua lusitana e a sua vertente religiosa”, in: J. Cardim (coord.), Religiões da Lusitânia. Loquuntur Saxa, Lisboa 2002, 67-70.
Untermann 2010: J. Untermann, “Las divinidades del Cabeço das Fráguas y la gramática de la lengua lusitana”, in: M.J. Correia e Th. Schattner (eds.), Porcom, Oilam, Taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o Santuário no seu Contexto, [= Iberografias 6], Guarda 2010, 81-88.
Untermann 2018: J. Untermann, Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum VI: Die vorrömische einheimische Toponymie des antiken Hispanien, Wiesbaden 2018.
Vale 1955: A. de Lucena e Vale (ed.), Diálogos Morais e Políticos, Viseu 1955.
Vallejo 2005: J.M. Vallejo, Antoponimia Indígena de la Lusitania Romana, [= Veleia. Anejos series minor 23], Vitoria/Gasteiz 2005.
Vallejo 2013: J.M. Vallejo, “Hacia una definición del Lusitano”, PalHisp 13, 2013, 273-291.
Varvaro 2005: A. Varvaro, “La Latinizzazione delle province come processo di lunga durata”, in: S. Kiss, L. Mondin e G. Salvi (eds.), Latin et Langues Romanes. Études de Linguistique Offertes à József Herman à l'Occasion de son 80ème Anniversaire, Tübingen 2005, 115-133.
Vasco Rodrigues 1959: A. Vasco Rodrigues, “O castro do Cabeço das Fráguas e a romanização das suas imediações”, Beira Alta 18.1-2, 1959, 111-128.
Vasco Rodrigues 1959-60: A. Vasco Rodrigues, “Inscrição tipo ‘Porcom’ e aras anepígrafes do Cabeço dos Fráguas (Guarda)”, Humanitas 11-12, 1959-60, 71-75.
Vaz 1988a: J.L.I. Vaz, “A inscrição CIL II 416”, in: M. Mayer e J. Gómez Pallarés (coords.), Religio Deorum. Actas del Coloquio Internacional de Epigrafía ‘Culto y Sociedad en Occidente’, Sabadell, 1988, 309-315.
Vaz 1988b: J.L.I. Vaz, “Divindades indígenas na inscrição de Lamas de Moledo”, Beira Alta 67.3-4, 1988, 345-358.
Vaz 1989: J.L.I. Vaz, “A pervivência da onomástica e teonímia indígenas na toponímia da região de Viseu”, in: Actas do I Colóquio Arqueológico de Viseu, Viseu, 1989, 325-332.
Vaz 1990: J.L.I. Vaz, “Divindades indígenas na inscrição de Lamas de Moledo (Castro Daire-Portugal)”, Zephyrus 43, 1990, 281-285.
Vaz 1995: J.L.I. Vaz, “Algumas inscrições rupestres da civitas de Viseu”, in: A. Rodríguez Colmenero e L. Gasperini (eds.), Saxa Scripta (Inscripciones en Roca). Actas del Simposio Internacional Ibero-Itálico sobre Epigrafía Rupestre, [= Anejos de Larouco 2] A Coruña, 1995, 279-295.
Vaz 1997: J.L.I. Vaz, A Ciuitas de Viseu. Espaço e Sociedade, Coimbra 1997.
Vaz 2009: J.L.I. Vaz, Lusitanos no Tempo de Viriato, Lisboa 2009.
Vendryes 1936: J. Vendryes, “Chronique XVI. L’inscription de Lamas de Moledo étudiée par M.C.H. Balmori”, Études Celtiques 1.2, 1936, 379-381.
Villar 1991: F. Villar, Los Indoeuropeos y los Orígenes de Europa. Lenguaje e Historia, Madrid 1991.
Villar 1993-95: F. Villar, “Un elemento de la religiosidad indoeuropea: Trebarune, Toudopalandaigae, Trebopala, Pales, Viśpalā”, Kalathos 13-14, Teruel 1993-95.
Villar e Pedrero 2001: F. Villar e R. Pedrero, “La nueva inscripción lusitana: Arroyo de la Luz III”, in: VIII CLCP, Salamanca 2001, 663-698.
Witczak 1999: K. Witczak, “On the Indo-European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms (LAEBO and REVE)”, Emerita 67, 1999, 65-73.
Witczak 2005: K. Witczak, Język i Religia Luzytanów: Studium Historyczno-Porównawcze, Łódź 2005.
Wodtko 1997: D. Wodtko, “Bibliographisches Wörterverzeichnis II: Lusitanisch”, in Untermann 1997, 738-743.
Wodtko 2009a: D. Wodtko, “Language Contact in Lusitania”, IJDL. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 6, 2009, 43-90.
Wodtko 2009b: D. Wodtko, “Some notes on Lusitanian”, PalHisp 9, 2009, 291-292.
Wodtko 2010: D. Wodtko, “The problem of Lusitanian”, in: B. Cunliffe e J.T. Koch (eds.), Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, Oxford 2010, 335-367.
Wodtko 2017: D. Wodtko, Lusitanian. Language, Writing, Epigraphy, Zaragoza 2017.
Wodtko 2020: D. Wodtko, “Lusitanisch”, in: Lenguas y Culturas Epigráficas Paleoeuropeas. Retos y Perspectivas de Estudio, [= PalHisp 20], Zaragoza 2020, 689-719.
Woudhuizen 2018: F. Woudhuizen, Indo-Europeanization in the Mediterranean. With Particular Attention to the Fragmentary Languages. Haarlem: Uitgeverij Shikanda.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Professional standards and ethical policies
a) Palaeohispanica’s editorial board
Details concerning the journal’s internal organization can be found at this website.
b) Authors’ responsibilities
As an implicit condition for publishing in Palaeohispanica, authors are expected to adhere to all the ethical and professional principles that are shared across all research fields and academic publications. By submitting a contribution for peer review, potential authors guarantee that their work is original, that it constitutes a significant contribution to its research field and has not been published elsewhere.
All submitted manuscripts ought to contain bibliographic references at the end of the paper as well as an indication of how the research that culminated in the article was funded.
Likewise, authors must agree to incorporate any relevant changes that peer reviewers suggest as well as to include any recommendations that the editorial committee includes in the manuscript’s proofs at the end of the editorial process.
The journal expects its authors, reviewers, editors and staff members to all conduct themselves professionally by treating others with respect and civility. Should any sort of untoward situation arise, such as (self) plagiarism, conflicts of interest or aggressive behaviour on the author’s part, the following actions will be taken:
- Plagiarism and the republication of articles
Plagiarism is defined as the reproduction of a text or other materials found in different publications without the original source being adequately cited. Accordingly, material can still be plagiarized even when it has been tweaked or paraphrased. Plagiarism constitutes a serious ethical violation; furthermore, there can be legal ramifications for violating an author’s rights in cases where the reproduced material has been previously published. Authors who want to cite published work must do so by including complete references to the original materials and by including any quotations within quotation marks. Graphs and images can only be reproduced with the express permission of the original author and must include a citation below said image or graphic according to the rules laid out on the journal’s website. If a peer reviewer or the editorial board detects any instance of plagiarism (whether of one’s own or another’s work), the manuscript will automatically be disqualified.
- Conflicts of interest
In most instances an individual who works at the same institution as an author or one of the co-authors is automatically barred from evaluating a potential contribution. The journal’s editors must always be aware of possible conflicts of interest and are required to recuse themselves from any decision-making process, whenever there is even the appearance of a possible conflict of interest.
c) The peer-review process
Palaeohispanica employs peers to evaluate externally all contributions, with this being understood as obtaining the opinion of an established expert over the merits of every potential contribution. In addition to completing the relevant form, reviewers are expected to suggest any pertinent bibliography that was not included in the original version of the manuscript.
Furthermore, the peer-review process is double blind, meaning that both authors’ anonymity as well as the reviewers’ impartiality and independence are guaranteed. Reader reviews will be treated with the utmost confidentiality. As is the case with all respectable research journals, the editors of Palaeohispanicawill not share with a third party the identity of a peer reviewer, the contents of his or her review or any correspondence resulting from the review process. Likewise, reviewers are required to adhere to the same strict standard of confidentiality: neither manuscripts nor the contents of any correspondence between an author and the editors can be shared with a third party without the written and express consent of the journal’s editors.
While strictly speaking authors are not held to the same standards (they can, for instance, solicit advice from co-authors and colleagues as they revise and amend a manuscript in accordance with the recommendations found in a reviewer’s report), the public airing of a reviewer’s report or of the correspondence with the editorial team constitutes untoward behavior. Any author who acts in such a way will automatically forfeit his or her right to the journal’s confidentiality.
- Aggressive behaviour
Should the editorial committee be made aware of any untoward behaviour on the author’s part towards external reviewers, other authors or the journal’s editors/staff, that author’s submission will immediately be withdrawn from the consideration process.
All participants in the publication process, including editors, authors, peer reviewers, and member’s of the journal’s staff are expected to meet basic standards of professional courtesy and to respect the fundamental rules and guidelines concerning the peer-review and publication processes. Under any circumstance, personal attacks and verbal assault (whether expressed orally or through writing) are completely unacceptable. Accordingly, the journal reserves the right to reject the contribution of any author who repeatedly violates these principles or refuses to cooperate with the editors and reviewers during the normal evaluation and publication processes.
d) Editorial ethics
The editorial team at Palaeohispanica will bring an end to any dishonest research practice by submitting every proposal to a careful review process that will begin before the selection of possible peer reviewers. Should anything questionable be detected, an author will be asked to provide relevant explanations and then be told to review his/her text so as to meet the journal’s quality standards. If an author does not make the requested changes, the manuscript will not be submitted for double-blind peer review and, accordingly, will not be published. The editorial board is always available to discuss and debate with authors any misunderstanding that could have given rise to such a situation.
e) Copyright and journal access
Journal content falls under the protection of licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA. Access the all journal content is open and free of charge.
f) Journal archive
Given that the Institución Fernando el Católico is an established and important publishing house, it is extremely unlikely that access to the journal’s contents could be compromised in anyway within the foreseeable future. The contents of Palaeohispanica will be stored in IFC’s servers even if the journal ceases to be published.
g) Ownership and management of the journal
The journal Palaeohispanica is edited and run by the institution «Fernando el Católico», an independent entity of the Excelentísima Diputación de Zaragoza.
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
Privacy policy
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portabilityby contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
The IFC’s privacy and data protection policy can be consulted at https://tiendaifc.dpz.es/Sites/dpz/paginasPersonalizadas/Modelo2/inicio.aspx. It can also be found in the journal’s the top navigation menu: http://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/dpd
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.