Germanic: Runes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.371Keywords:
Fuþark, Alphabet, Germanic, Scandinavia, Runes, Runic textsAbstract
This paper offers a survey of the oldest runic inscriptions of the northern parts of Europe. Runic writing is attested from the second century onwards to the Middle Ages, and was in use in several parts of northern Europe during different periods. The language used is formulaic, making the impression that inscriptions in runes were for special occasions and not for daily use. Germanic society was a non-literate society until Christendom arrived and with it a literate culture. Runes are applied epigraphically; only in ecclesiastical contexts they are used in manuscripts, thus offering very useful secondary information about rune-names, for instance. Runes had names for mnemonical and symbolical purposes.
References
Ambrosiani 1987: B. Ambrosiani (ed.), Runor och runinskrifter. Föredrag vid Riksantikvarieämbetets och Vitterhetsakademiens symposium 8-11 september 1985 [Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Konferenser 15], Stockholm 1987.
Antonsen 1975: E. H. Antonsen, A concise grammar of the older runic inscriptions, Tübingen 1975.
Axboe et alii 1984-1989: M. Axboe et alii, “Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit, Ikonographischer Katalog”, Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften 24, München 1984-1989.
Bammesberger 1991: A. Bammesberger (ed.), Old English Runes and their Continental Background, Heidelberg 1991.
Bammesberger & Waxenberger 2006: A. Bammesberger and G. Waxenberger (eds.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen [ERGA 51], Berlin-New York 2006.
Barnes 1994: M. P. Barnes, “On Types of Argumentation in Runic Studies”, in: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Runrön 9, Uppsala 1994, 12-13.
Barnes 2012: M. P. Barnes, Runes, a handbook, Woodbridge 2012.
Bede, A History of the English Church and People [transl. Leo Shirley-Price], Harmondsworth 1986.
Bleck 2016: R. Bleck, Angelsächsische oder friesische Runen auf Goldstücken des 6. Und 7. Jahrhunderts (Goldbrakteaten, Solidi und Tremisses), Göppingen 2016, 137-184.
Derolez 1998: R. Derolez, The Origin of the Runes: An Alternative Approach, Brussels 1998.
Düwel 1994: K. Düwel (ed.), Runische Schriftkultur in kontinental-skandinavischer und- angelsächsischer Wechselbeziehung. Internationales Symposium in der Werner-Reimers-Stiftung vom 24. - 27. Juni 1992 in Bad Homburg [ERGA 10], Berlin-New York 1994.
Düwel & Nowak 1998: K. Düwel and S. Nowak, Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung [ERGA 15], Berlin-New York 1998.
Düwel 2001: K. Düwel, Runenkunde. 3. Auflage, Stuttgart-Weimar 2001.
Düwel & Heizmann 2006: K. Düwel and W. Heizmann, “Das ältere Fuþark: Überlieferung und Wirkungsmöglichkeiten der Runenreihe”, in: A. Bammesberger and G. Waxenberger (eds.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen [ERGA 51], Berlin-New York 2006, 3-60.
Findell 2012: M. Findell, Phonological evidence from the Continental Runic Inscriptions, Berlin-New York, 2012.
Garmonsway 1986: G. N. Garmonsway (transl. & ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London 1986.
Graf 2010: M. H. Graf, Paraschriftliche Zeichen in südgermanischen Runeninschriften. Studien zur Schriftkultur des kontinentalgermanischen Runenhorizonts, Zürich 2010.
Hills 2005: C. Hills, “Review of Axboe, M. Die Goldbrakteaten der Volkerwanderungszeit- Herstellungsprobleme und Chronologie”, The Numismatic Chronicle 165, 398-401.
Hines & IJssenagger 2017: J. Hines and N. IJssenagger (eds.), Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours, from the fifth century to the Viking Age, Woodbridge 2017.
Jacobsen & Moltke 1942: L. Jacobsen and E. Moltke, Danmarks Runeindskrifter, Copenhagen 1942.
Knirk 1994: J. E. Knirk (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Grindaheim, Norway, 8-12 August 1990 [Runrön 9], Uppsala 1994.
Knirk & Williams 2010: James E. Knirk and Henrik Williams (eds.) Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 1: Containing selected papers from the Sixth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Lancaster, 11-16 August 2005, Oslo-Uppsala 2010. Online: <http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A381122&dswid=-315>
Krause & Jankuhn 1966: W. Krause and H. Jankuhn, Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark, Göttingen 1966.
Looijenga & Quak 1996: T. Looijenga and A. Quak (eds.), Frisian Runes and Neighbouring Traditions. Proceedings from the First International Symposium on Frisian Runes at the Fries Museum, Leeuwarden, 26-29 January 1994, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1996.
Looijenga 2003: T. Looijenga, Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions [The Northern World 4], Leiden-Boston 2003.
Makaev 1996: È.A. Makaev, The Language of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. A Linguistic and Historical-Philological Analysis, Stockholm 1996.
Marold & Zimmermann: E. Marold and C. Zimmermann (eds.), Nordwestgermanisch, [ERGA 13], Berlin-New York 1995.
Moltke 1985: E. Moltke, Runes and their Origin, Denmark and Elsewhere, Copenhagen 1985.
Nielsen, 2000: H. F. Nielsen, The Early Runic Language of Scandinavia: Studies in Germanic Dialect Geography, Heidelberg 2000.
Page 1995: R. I. Page, Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Woodbridge 1995.
Page 1999: R. I. Page, An Introduction to English Runes [2nd edition], Woodbridge 1999.
Pollington 2016: S. Pollington, Runes, Literacy in the Germanic Iron Age, Milton Keynes 2016.
Schmidt, Nedoma & Düwel 2010-2011: C. G. Schmidt, R. Nedoma and K. Düwel, “Die Runeninschrift auf dem Kamm von Frienstedt, Stadt Erfurt”, Die Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 49, 2010-2011, 123-186.
Siller 2011: M. Siller, “Storie del Mediterraneo antico nell’Europa del Nord medievale: The Franks Casket (British Museum, VII secolo)”, in: Ernst Robert Curtius, e l’identità culturelle dell’ Europa, Atti del XXXVII Convegno Interuniversitario. (Bressanone/Innsbruck, 13-16 luglio 2009), Padova 2011, 293-300.
Siller 2018: M. Siller, “Aigil, Ægili, Egill, Aïlrun, Ǫlrún des Rätsels Lösung? Ein Vorbericht”, in: Synergien- 25 Jahre Germanistik und DAAD and der Philosoph Konstantin-Universität Nitra, Košice 2018, 148.
Stoklund et alii 2006: M. Stoklund, M. Lerche Nielsen, M. Holmberg and G. Fellows-Jensen (eds.), Runes and their Secrets, Studies in runology, Copenhagen 2006.
Spurkland 2005: T. Spurkland, Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Woodbridge 2005.
Sveriges Runinskrifter: utgivna av Kungliga Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1900 - 2009, Stockholm. Div. authors.
Waxenberger, Kazazzi & Hines 2020: G. Waxenberger, K. Kazzazi and J. Hines (eds.), Old English Runes: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Approaches and Methodologies, Berlin-New York 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Professional standards and ethical policies
a) Palaeohispanica’s editorial board
Details concerning the journal’s internal organization can be found at this website.
b) Authors’ responsibilities
As an implicit condition for publishing in Palaeohispanica, authors are expected to adhere to all the ethical and professional principles that are shared across all research fields and academic publications. By submitting a contribution for peer review, potential authors guarantee that their work is original, that it constitutes a significant contribution to its research field and has not been published elsewhere.
All submitted manuscripts ought to contain bibliographic references at the end of the paper as well as an indication of how the research that culminated in the article was funded.
Likewise, authors must agree to incorporate any relevant changes that peer reviewers suggest as well as to include any recommendations that the editorial committee includes in the manuscript’s proofs at the end of the editorial process.
The journal expects its authors, reviewers, editors and staff members to all conduct themselves professionally by treating others with respect and civility. Should any sort of untoward situation arise, such as (self) plagiarism, conflicts of interest or aggressive behaviour on the author’s part, the following actions will be taken:
- Plagiarism and the republication of articles
Plagiarism is defined as the reproduction of a text or other materials found in different publications without the original source being adequately cited. Accordingly, material can still be plagiarized even when it has been tweaked or paraphrased. Plagiarism constitutes a serious ethical violation; furthermore, there can be legal ramifications for violating an author’s rights in cases where the reproduced material has been previously published. Authors who want to cite published work must do so by including complete references to the original materials and by including any quotations within quotation marks. Graphs and images can only be reproduced with the express permission of the original author and must include a citation below said image or graphic according to the rules laid out on the journal’s website. If a peer reviewer or the editorial board detects any instance of plagiarism (whether of one’s own or another’s work), the manuscript will automatically be disqualified.
- Conflicts of interest
In most instances an individual who works at the same institution as an author or one of the co-authors is automatically barred from evaluating a potential contribution. The journal’s editors must always be aware of possible conflicts of interest and are required to recuse themselves from any decision-making process, whenever there is even the appearance of a possible conflict of interest.
c) The peer-review process
Palaeohispanica employs peers to evaluate externally all contributions, with this being understood as obtaining the opinion of an established expert over the merits of every potential contribution. In addition to completing the relevant form, reviewers are expected to suggest any pertinent bibliography that was not included in the original version of the manuscript.
Furthermore, the peer-review process is double blind, meaning that both authors’ anonymity as well as the reviewers’ impartiality and independence are guaranteed. Reader reviews will be treated with the utmost confidentiality. As is the case with all respectable research journals, the editors of Palaeohispanicawill not share with a third party the identity of a peer reviewer, the contents of his or her review or any correspondence resulting from the review process. Likewise, reviewers are required to adhere to the same strict standard of confidentiality: neither manuscripts nor the contents of any correspondence between an author and the editors can be shared with a third party without the written and express consent of the journal’s editors.
While strictly speaking authors are not held to the same standards (they can, for instance, solicit advice from co-authors and colleagues as they revise and amend a manuscript in accordance with the recommendations found in a reviewer’s report), the public airing of a reviewer’s report or of the correspondence with the editorial team constitutes untoward behavior. Any author who acts in such a way will automatically forfeit his or her right to the journal’s confidentiality.
- Aggressive behaviour
Should the editorial committee be made aware of any untoward behaviour on the author’s part towards external reviewers, other authors or the journal’s editors/staff, that author’s submission will immediately be withdrawn from the consideration process.
All participants in the publication process, including editors, authors, peer reviewers, and member’s of the journal’s staff are expected to meet basic standards of professional courtesy and to respect the fundamental rules and guidelines concerning the peer-review and publication processes. Under any circumstance, personal attacks and verbal assault (whether expressed orally or through writing) are completely unacceptable. Accordingly, the journal reserves the right to reject the contribution of any author who repeatedly violates these principles or refuses to cooperate with the editors and reviewers during the normal evaluation and publication processes.
d) Editorial ethics
The editorial team at Palaeohispanica will bring an end to any dishonest research practice by submitting every proposal to a careful review process that will begin before the selection of possible peer reviewers. Should anything questionable be detected, an author will be asked to provide relevant explanations and then be told to review his/her text so as to meet the journal’s quality standards. If an author does not make the requested changes, the manuscript will not be submitted for double-blind peer review and, accordingly, will not be published. The editorial board is always available to discuss and debate with authors any misunderstanding that could have given rise to such a situation.
e) Copyright and journal access
Journal content falls under the protection of licence Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA. Access the all journal content is open and free of charge.
f) Journal archive
Given that the Institución Fernando el Católico is an established and important publishing house, it is extremely unlikely that access to the journal’s contents could be compromised in anyway within the foreseeable future. The contents of Palaeohispanica will be stored in IFC’s servers even if the journal ceases to be published.
g) Ownership and management of the journal
The journal Palaeohispanica is edited and run by the institution «Fernando el Católico», an independent entity of the Excelentísima Diputación de Zaragoza.
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
Privacy policy
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portabilityby contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
The IFC’s privacy and data protection policy can be consulted at https://tiendaifc.dpz.es/Sites/dpz/paginasPersonalizadas/Modelo2/inicio.aspx. It can also be found in the journal’s the top navigation menu: http://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/dpd
Names and email addresses submitted to this journal will only be used for tasks related to the journal and will not be shared with any third party or used for any other purpose.
In accordance with the Regulation UE 2016/679, information gathered by the Institución Fernando el Católico de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (IFC) will be used for carrying out the functions of an academic publication, the handling of claims, appeals, complaints, suggestions, surveys as well as any other activity involved in the management of the journal.
Cubic Factory is in charge of handling said data. They can be contacted at cubic@cubicfactory.com.
Data can be given to public agencies with the relevant competencies and in case of legal obligations.
Those who are interested can exercise their rights of access, correction, suppression, limitation of the use, opposition and portability by contacting ifc@dpz.es.
Users can also go to the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos to make any complaints that they feel is necessary.
User information will be kept during the period in which it is needed to complete the task for which said information was provided in the first place or for the period necessary to comply with any legal obligations. Once a given objective has been completed, personal data that is not part of fulfillment of public service will be blocked until the applicable period has ended.
Ethical and confidentiality policy of Palaeohispanica can be consulted here.
